China s Economic Growth Essay - 1144 Words

Beginning in 1980 when China entered the global market, it experienced remarkable growth in terms of GDP and net output. Much of its growth is attributed to its large amount of exports, particularly within the manufacturing industry. As a result, its GDP per capita increased significantly and the country as a whole became considerably wealthier. More recently, however, demographic changes and increased wealth inequality are hindering its growth. Between 2008 and 2015, the World Bank estimates GDP growth decreased from 9.623% to 6.9%. While its growth remains quite strong in comparison to other developing economies within its echelon (BRIC countries), its increasingly stagnant growth evokes concern for the future of its economy and prospects. Much of China’s economic disparities lie in the overall gentrification of the country. Much of China is rapidly transforming into more advanced, urbanized cities, while the majority of wealth is held in affluent metropolises such as Guangzhou, Beijing, and Shanghai. A study by Peking University found the poorest quarter accounted for less than two percent of total wealth in China. The same study also found that the wealthiest percent of China owned nearly two-thirds of all wealth. Inequality to this degree not only presents an ethical dilemma regarding the advancement of a select few, while the majority of china remains in a far more regressed state, but also reduces the resilience of the population to shifting economic trends. WhileShow MoreRelatedChina s Economic Growth1321 Words   |  6 PagesFor many years China has been the leading economic power in the world, even surpassing the United States. Recently, the country has been hanging onto that title despite its weakening economy. China’s economic growth has been declining due to job losses and lack of manufacturing. However, there have been numerous attempts to fix this problem. According to an article in the New York Times, China has created a new world bank — despite skepticism about that idea by other nations including the UnitedRead MoreChina s Economic Growth3241 Words   |  13 Pagesrecent rapid economic growth has astounded countries around the world, including the U.S. Domestic policies that improved incentives for economic competitiveness were one of the main reasons that China was so successful in increasing its Gross Domestic Product (GDP). â€Å"The combination of Chinese land and labor with the capital and expertise of Taiwan and Hong Kong industrialists provided a particularly important boost to exports and employment during the first decade of reform.† China attracted investmentsRead MoreChina s Economic Growth Mechanism1768 Words   |  8 PagesThe article of Yasheng Huangï ¼Å'named how did China take offï ¼Å'discussing on economic growth mechanism, mainly come to China’s economic reform had the process of financial liberalization. Furthermore, he pointed out that political reform, financial liberalization and the development of township enterprises are the key focus on China’s development. Huang argues that the results of China s economic development are mainly due to internal reforms which are the reforms of China’s rural industry. On the contraryRead MoreChina s Economic Growth And Development Essay990 Words   |  4 Pagesimmersed themselves in the discourse of China’s rapid economic growth and development. For a socialist regime, the emergence on China’s remarkable economic achievement has been one of the world’s most unprecedented success stories. Sai-leung Ng (2000) emphasized on China’s success, describing China as the country with the most rapid economic growth of the time. Paul Collier (2007) noted that individuals in the west were starting to get worried that China was converging to quickly with the western economyRead MoreIndia And China s Economic Growth1085 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract India and China, two populous countries (nearly one-third of the world’s population) in the world, have innumerable similarities in many aspects. Both of them sit on the Asian continent and achieve rapid economic growth in the past three decades. As current success stories of globalization, this rapid growth also influences the economic structure of the world which leads more concentration on the analysis of these two countries. Two Not Similar economies Different economies may have commonRead MoreChina s Economic Growth With Capacity And Influence941 Words   |  4 PagesSince the 1980 s China is a develop country that never stop until now, and will rise to dominate the world in the Twenty First Century. China has a big potential geographic realm, population and natural resource which not else has in the world. Based in China s economic miracle from oriented economy to open market it is presented a transitions economy with more orderly, established, and accommodating that could have been imagined for all of us. It started from zero economy level and will grow mayRead MoreChina s Sudden Growth And Rise Of A Economic Superpower1290 Words   |  6 PagesChina’s sudden growth and rise to an economic superpower has affected the worldwide economy, the worldwide environment, and its own private industry in ways that may have longstanding effects for the future. Prior to the nineteenth century China had the world’s largest and most advanced economy, but missed its industrial and cultural revolution and began to decay (Cao, 2003). China began its rise to a new economic superpower in 1948, in the wake of World War II. It had just emerged as its own independentRead MoreChina s Economic Growth Is Unstable, Unbalanced, Uncoordinated, And Unsustainable761 Words   |  4 PagesPremier Wen Jiabao argues the biggest problem with China’s economy is that its economic growth is unstable, unbalanced, uncoordinated, and unsustainable. Since export and investment play unsustainable roles in increasing China’s real GDP, this study tries to testify how consumption enhances the sustainability of China’s real GDP in the short run over a long period of time. As Krugman (1994) suggests, increase in the economic growth rate in the steady state can only be attained by the technological progressRead MoreVietnam Air Pollution And China s Economic Development And Growth2618 Words   |  11 Pages Chinese Air Pollution History of Air Pollution in China During the 1980s, China underwent a series of industrial changes leading to severe air pollution (Chen, Ebenstein, Greenstone, Li, 2013; Chen, Kan, Chen, Jiang, Hong, 2011; Kan, London, Chen, Zhang, Song, Zhao, Chen, 2007; Schmidt, Olicker, 2004). As industries in large cities expanded, the resources required to manufacture goods produced pollution in the air (Chen, Ebenstein, Greenstone, Li, 2013; Chen, Kan, Chen, Jiang, Hong,Read MoreChinese Economic Development And Structure Problem986 Words   |  4 Pages Chinese economic development and structure problem Key question: China s economy, (China s economic have increased of Efficiency Analysis .) China s economic high speed growth can be remained? PESTEL China s economic have increased of Efficiency Analysis . After Chine revolution , Chinese economic have increase very fast , take GDP for a example,after economic revolution , about annual growth rate have keep or more than double-digit , this is very crazy. However ,according to the explain

The Strength Of Silence An Analysis Of The Stronger

The Strength of Silence: An Analysis of â€Å"The Stronger† by August Strindberg When one thinks of great playwrights that have changed the theatre the first name that one may think of is Shakespeare. Everyone will agree that he was great at what he did. One person’s work that many people may not recognize is August Strindberg. â€Å"The Stronger† by August Strindberg is one of his best one-act plays. Not only is â€Å"The Stronger† a great one act, it also only uses the voice of one actor. Strindberg’s â€Å"The Stronger† is based on the conversation between two women. The names of the women are never mentioned, so reader and interpreters just give the characters the names â€Å"Mrs. X† and â€Å"Miss Y.† During the one act play, Mrs. X speaks the entire time. Mrs. X first runs into Miss Y at a bar/restaurant. The conversation starts off pretty innocent as Mrs. X tells Miss Y about the gifts that Mrs. X bought for her children and husband. When Mrs. X mentioned her husband, she began to tell Miss Y that she could have had a husband and children by now. As their one-sided conversation escalates into Mrs. X telling Miss Y about all the women who try to seduce her husband, she informs Miss Y that she knows about Miss Y’s and Mrs. X’s husband’s affair. Mrs. X slowly realizes that her husband’s new fixations come from the intimate time that he had spent with Miss Y. This realization could be a possible lead to why Mrs. X unconsciously changed herself to become as much like Miss Y as she could be. One mayShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Still I Rise By Maya Angelou993 Words   |  4 PagesMy Black is Brave, My Black is Strong Strength. Strength can be seen in the readings that we have encountered this semester. Blacks have been through a lot ever since coming to this country called â€Å"America.† From being beaten, oppressed, and even worst, killed. Whites have always felt that Blacks had to be controlled because they were â€Å"property† but obtaining the obedience from Blacks was not a simple task. So in order to get the control of the people in the Black community, Whites thought thatRead MoreTolerance For Ambiguity, Learning Style, Dominant Conflict Management Styles, And Dominant Reactions1610 Words   |  7 Pagesdomination among the members as it would only destroy the peace and focus on the goal. Strength would be team player, hard worker, focused on achieving target, etc. should be able to balance work and personal life and never let one come in the others path. In this paper I will talk about Tolerance for ambiguity, learning style, dominant conflict management styles, and domin ant reactions to dissonance. Analysis: Tolerance for ambiguity: Ambiguity is a psychological construct which describes the relationshipRead MoreThe Book On The Genealogy Of Morality1423 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves and their way of life as ‘good’, while ‘bad’ simply referred to anything that was not noble – â€Å"everything lowly, low-minded, common and plebeian† (OGM, Sec. I.2). In contrast, the morality of slaves discusses a position of weakness rather than strength. It starts by redefining the masters’ values as ‘evil’, while ‘good’ refers to anything opposed to that of ‘evil’. Unable to create their own original values, the slaves instead invert the values of their masters. This makes the master morality affirmativeRead MoreComparison Of 1984 And Watership Down927 Words   |  4 Pagesinto silence. When the party in 1984 controls history and facts, it leads to double think. Doublethink is when you hold two contradicting thought s in your head at once. The inner party people are quite good at this because its a skill they need to use, when they tell people 2+2=5 they must hold that belief in their head while also knowing 2+2=4. O’Brian, one of the lead antagonists, shows us this when he tries to â€Å"re-educate† Winston. â€Å"War is peace; Freedom is slavery; Ignorance is strength† (OrwellRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Hester from The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne977 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Analysis of Hester from The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne With nothing now to lose in the sight of mankind, and with no hope, and seemingly no wish, of gaining anything, it could only be a genuine regard for virtue that had brought back the poor wanderer to its paths. (153) With his precise diction Nathaniel Hawthorne displays an interesting conflict based on a disagreement between the protagonist, Hester Prynne, and the strict Puritan society around her in his novel TheRead MoreJanie in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston1046 Words   |  5 Pagesfor love but rather than her quest for sense of security and independence. Janie’s improvement has been charted along the way as she studies the use of language and discovering her relationship to her own voice. At the end of her journey, Janie is stronger and more confident then she was when returns to Eatonville. As a young girl, Janie has some romantic bones in her body (Shmoop Editorial Team). Her magical experience underneath a blossoming pear tree has a profound effect on her; she associatesRead MoreAnalysis Of Moonlight 1435 Words   |  6 PagesStructural Analysis of Moonlight In Moonlight (2016), the PROTAGONIST is a black boy called Chiron Harris or Little, who is thin and small. His PROBLEM in the first 10 minutes is that he is chased by three boys, who try to bully him. His WEAKNESS is that he is always bullied by others, but he is quiet and shy that he is not being willing to talk to strangers or speak out. Hence, he is a rebellious teenager. This causes him to display BAD BEHAVIOR by not returning to his home like he supposed toRead MoreGender Roles In Antigone1547 Words   |  7 PagesAntigone, which left her angry, yet still determined to bury her brother. She knew that burying her brother could lead to her own death, but she continued to show courage, strength, and determination throughout her role. In the beginning, Antigone says, â€Å"Dear god, shout it from the rooftops. I’ll hate you all the more for silence/ tell the world!†(17,100-101). This was said to Ismene, when they were discussing burial plans and Ismene was telling An tigone that she was against the plan. Antigone’s dialogueRead MoreVoice, By James Tate State s Style And Voice Serve As A Means Of Seduction2024 Words   |  9 Pagestone of my poem â€Å"Arctic Fox† and therefore a stronger voice presides due to this unique tone. Additionally, attention to sound is critical in creating an active voice. In James Tate Introduction, Tate notices the importance of sound, â€Å"Poetry speaks against an essential backdrop of silence† (Introduction Page 19). Tate stresses the importance of sound, as a lack of sound results in a silent voice. I decided to take Tate’s advice and shattered the ‘silence’ by using an unfamiliar voice in my Poem â€Å"ArcticRead MoreThe Crucifixion Of Jesus Christ1740 Words   |  7 Pagesobvious plot against Jesus and wanted to let him go, but Pilate was under pressure from Rome to keep peace in his territory. The last thing he needed was a rebellion over this quiet and seemingly insignificant man. It is important to note that Jesus’ silence fulfilled the words of the prophet Isaiah. Knowing this part of the story allows us to see the culture and situation more clearly. By stepping through the doorway into the story, we are given the opportunity to ta ke the side of either the crowd or

Professional Marketing Report on Armani Free Essays

A target market has also been chosen and studied and has appealed to the female racket. Market segmentation is also taken into consideration with the introduction of a new product as it identifies target markets by groups, which are identified by similar and distinguishable aspects while using the different segmentation groups. The report focuses on a ‘personal’ profile of an individual from the target audience as well as using a score card approach along with perceptual mapping, which Indicates what the strengths and weaknesses of the fragrance may be. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Marketing Report on Armani or any similar topic only for you Order Now The fourth section of the report focuses on the product Itself as well as the different levels that are Involved In guaranteeing that the product Includes all complexities that encourage consumers to purchase the fragrance. The core, embodied and augmented levels of a product all have their own significant roles in the creation of a well-known brand. Giorgio Airman have considered whether keeping their obvious attributes or not for the packaging and the branding of their new fragrance would confuse consumers of this well-known brand. However the new fragrance may have a different look to it, but still has the Giorgio Airman logo to reassure loyal customers of the brand’s integrity. The fragrance will be classified as a premium fragrance, however Giorgio Airman have set their prices so that consumers that earn a medium income can also afford to purchase the new fragrance. This allows consumers with a medium to high Income to afford the product depending on the size bottle they wish to purchase. Promotion of the fragrance Is needed and the use of the pull and push strategy Is used to convince the target audience to purchase the product. Promotional material such as billboards, advertisements on the television, ‘pop-up’ advertisements on the internet and advertisements in fashion magazines will be used to ensure publicity of the product and the report states how this will be achieved. Lastly, the distribution strategy is taken into consideration that involves the consistency of those of the competing suppliers. The places of distribution that Giorgio Airman will be introducing its new fragrance to will be discussed as well as the reasons behind the choice they have made to target certain wholesalers. How to cite Professional Marketing Report on Armani, Essays

Assistive Technology Health and Social Care

Questions: 1.1 Explain how technology can be used to support users of health and social care services in living independently 1.2 Analyse barriers to the use of technology to support users of health and social care services in living independently 1.3 Explain the benefits of these technologies to health and social care organisations and their users 2.1 Explain health and safety considerations in the use of technologies in health and social care 2.2 Discuss ethical considerations in the use of technologies in health and social care 2.3 Explain the impact of recent and emerging technological developments on health and social services, organisations and care workers 3.1 Identify the specific needs of an individual requiring support to live independently 3.2 Make recommendations for how technologies might support the independent living arrangements 3.3 Evaluate the usefulness of technology for users off health and social care services Answers: Introduction Supportive independent living Independent living implies that people with disabilities enjoy the same freedom, choice, dignity and control as people without disabilities do at home, at work, and in the community. It means living on ones own or by oneself or fending for oneself while exercising rights as citizens to practical assistance and support from the state to participate in society and live an ordinary or near normal life. The seven needs of independent living are as follows: Peer support Personal Assistance Housing Technology Access Information Transport Techno Aid is a company that specialises in technology that can be of help to individuals who need access to health and social care services and live independently. As more people access independent living funds and become employers of their own personal assistances, the balance is shifting from dependency towards independence. 1.1 Assistive Technology is defined in the Technology-Related Assistance Act (Tech Act) as "any item piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities" (Tech Act, 1988). Assistive technology can be made at home and custom designed for an individual, purchased at a local store, or ordered out of a catalogue that is targeted toward people with disabilities and their families. The technology relevant to an individual can be high tech or low tech. Examples of low tech technology include ramps, switches, switch-operated toys, communication boards, car door openers, Dyce (non-skid material), preachers, roll-in showers, and Velcro. Some high tech examples are computers, software, extended keyboards, electronic communication devices, power wheelchairs, and van lifts for wheelchairs. Assistive technology cannot make the disability go away; but it can lessen the impact of the disability. (Moore, 1991). Assistive technology aims to provide independence and improve an individual's outlook on life. Besides, it can help students access education and enable adults to secure a job. Individuals with disabilities can become an integral part of the community and engage in pursuits like education, leisure activities and work - with the appropriate technology. However, assistive technology is not without its problems or barriers. Many times the devices that are needed are very expensive and resources are not readily available; or the equipment is purchased and no training or support system is in place to teach individual how to use it effectively; or the device simply breaks down and needs to be repaired (Moore, 1991). The three technology devices that can prove to be useful are sensor and alarm systems and Braille books for visually impaired people and power recliner wheelchairs for the disabled Tele care is used to describe sensors or detectors (for example movement, flood, gas, smoke or fall detectors) that automatically send a signal through a base unit connected to a telephone line to a care facility, community alarm or monitoring service which can call for assistance when it is needed. According to the Royal Commission on long term care, (1999) a person suffering from dementia is not required to press a button or dial a number to raise an alarm. For example, if a sensor detects gas, smoke, water or a fall, it can send a signal to a community alarm service automatically to be able to receive an appropriate response. The response could include providing reassurance, contacting an agreed key holder from the family, friend or caregiver to provide help, or if the need arises contacting the emergency services. A loud speaker on the alarm base unit allows the call center to communicate with the person. Irrespective of whether the affected individual is able to respond verbally or the distance of the individual from the loud speaker the service will send help. The invention of Louis Braille (1809-1852), who turned blind by accident at the age of three years, changed the world of reading and writing forever for the visually impaired. When Louis was 12 Charles Barbier while giving a talk at the school that Louis attended shared an invention called the night writing, a code that used 12 dots. The code allowed soldiers to share confidential information on the war field without the need to speak. But the code was not easy for the soldiers to learn, but not so for Louis. Louis reduced Barbiers 12 dots to 6, perfected the system by the time he was 15, and published the first Braille book ever in 1829. He continued to improvise and by 1837 he was able to add symbols for music and math. Acceptance was slow so blind students had to study Braille on their own. Even at the royal institution, where Louis taught after he graduated, Braille was taught only after his death. Braille began to gain worldwide acceptance in 1868. A group of men from the Royal National Institute for the Blind took to the task of spreading its reach. Today every country uses Braille. Braille books help blind people receive education and Braille signs help to get around when they are outdoors. And most importantly blind people can communicate easily. The development of assistive technology has brought many possibilities for the visually impaired in the areas of education and employment. Through the use of other technology enabled devices, the blind and visually impaired can perform many day to day activities on their own particularly in reading and learning. An example of a need based innovation is the electronic battery operated wheelchair. The wheelchair is a complex piece of equipment that has been extensively engineered and studied. Most individuals with spinal cord injury become wheelchair experts because doing so increases their chances of getting a wheelchair that truly meets their need. 1.2 Analysis of barriers of the use of technology to support users of health and social care services in living independently The major barrier in use of technology by users living independently is the difficulty faced in choosing devices from available technology suitable for their specific needs. The following example illustrates how an elderly couple was helped in making the choice. The two key priorities for investment in tele care are prevention from falls and mental health services for older people. Other considerations were to use technology as a contributory factor in helping to avoid residential care and avoidable hospital admissions. The following example clarifies the point. Mr and Mrs B, an elderly couple lived within a sheltered housing scheme for years. Mr B has been his wifes carer for ever since she was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease. Mrs Bs mobility has steadily deteriorated over years, so has her memory. Mr B has found it difficult to care for his wife and many of his and her social life has been put on hold. Mr B was becoming uncomfortable at the thought of leaving his wife for even small periods of time for fear of her safety. As a result of this he was compelled to feel isolated, and had little opportunity to socialise. Even though living in a sheltered accommodation which was well equipped with emergency pull cords and access to pendant ala rms, Mrs Bs memory problems were such that she was not able to use them. In order to measure the risks Mrs B was helped to complete a questionnaire and she was examined by an occupational therapist. It was identified that Mrs B was at a high risk of falling, particularly while trying to rise from her chair on her own. All available options were discussed, and the assistive technology advised was the use of a fall detector. This device is worn on the waist band of a skirt, trousers or in a specially designed pouch depending on the choice of apparel. 1.3 Explanation of the benefit of available technology to health and social care organisations and their users. The benefits of using assistive technology are evident in the way their use transforms the lives of the users and their families. A general sense of independence and well being is enhanced. The Fall Detector was particularly beneficial to Mrs B as it did not require any input from the user. If Mrs B fell, the detector would sense the tilt of her body, and this would set off the alarm automatically at the call centre. The call centre personnel would alert Mr B on his mobile telephone. After a trial of few months, Mr B was asked to give his feedback on the Fall Detector and whether it had made any difference to his insecurities about leaving his wife unattended even for short periods. His feedback said it all as he said it as brilliant, and added that I can go out, have a game of cards with friends, or go to the shops without worrying. If Mrs B does fall Mr B now feels confident and reassured since he can respond quickly in case of a fall. He says, it has given me real peace of mind. Mr B can now continue caring for his wife, without feeling socially bereft. Using tele care allows for actual improvements to the quality of support and helps them and their care givers to fe el safe, reassured, able to have a better grip over their day-to-day lives and minimise the risks that compromise independence. This strategy will ensure the consideration of Tele care throughout the customer pathway, from the earliest point of contact right through to complex, care-managed cases, with the aim of supporting people to maintain or improve on their level of independence and avoid hospital or residential/nursing care admissions. Electric powered indoor wheelchair (EPIC) is an electrically powered wheelchair to be used within the clients home. The client must have difficulty in walking or self-propelling in a manual wheelchair within the home. Adequate space is required for the wheelchair to move, including footplates and a suitable space with a power supply for charging the batteries overnight. The client must practically demonstrate they are able to independently and effectively control the wheelchair within the internal environment, taking into account impediments, hazards and/or risks. Braille books are available in many libraries (like the Library of Congress) and schools for the blind. The production of Braille books made use of metal plates. Characters were stamped on both sides of the paper where the dots on one side do not interfere with those on the other side. But now, computers have made the process of publishing Braille books easier. The text is typed into the computer and, with the help of a software program; it is translated automatically into Braille. The computer then transfers the output onto printed paper or metal plates as required. Braille reading helps blind people to socialise with people for example, going to restaurant with friends and finding a restaurant that has a braille menu book encourages the service user to select what he/she would like to eat and instills a sense of independence. 2.1 Explanation of health and safety considerations in use of technology in health and social care In the near future, propelled by the concept of internet of things, new homes, public and private, and all renovated social housing, will be fitted with the devices for care and medical services to be provided in real time via broadband from day one of occupation. A number of studies suggest that disintegrated and inaccessible clinical information raises the cost and lowers the quality of health care and compromises patient safety. Information technology has been proposed as an essential tool in solving these problems and promoting better health care. When used in social context and the area of care giving, technology contributes to supporting a better life, reinstating human dignity, right of self determination, inclusion, and caring. Thus the three technology equipment can be used by service users. The use of technology is agreed upon in collaboration with the user while deciding the user plan. For example, an elderly woman living on her own was suggested the use of wheel chair for her independence and the alarm for her safety. Because she is an elderly person, the chosen technology must be easy to use and suit her lifestyle and health condition. The disadvantages and the risk related to its use should be assessed, and information about how to use should be provided in user friendly formats. Within the health and social care sectors, there is huge potential for information technology (IT) to support practice with greater safety. Several things can go wrong if information is incomplete or incorrect or if glitches in the system interfere with critical processes such as prescribing medication. The use of safety standards for IT required in health and social care should ensure that risks are identified in real time a nd can then be nullified before the product actually used. Organisations that purchase and use IT enabled systems are advised to take measures that understand system risks and take suitable action, such as staff training, to ensure that systems are operated safely while implementing the service.. 2.2 Ethical considerations in use of technologies in health and social care. Equipment may be provided to help the individual at their residence and customized to meet their specific needs. It can be as simple as the basic alarm system base on sensors and able to respond in case of an emergency and provide constant support via telephone (Department of Health, 2005). Tele care can also be used in a preventative manner for keeping track of an individuals health parameters or general wellbeing (for example, by using sensors on the bed programmed to record the number of times a person leaves the bed during the course of one night). The technology involved in tele care services has been used for many years to give care to older people, usually in the form of pendant alarms. This technology has great potential to benefit people by boosting their confidence and assisting them to remain independent bur cared for in their own homes. By monitoring peoples safety, technology can also ease the lives of friends and family care givers so they can perform the task of givinging social support. It is important that giving care through assistive technology does not threaten their right to privacy. Deciding on the choice of type of technology used is critical and should suit the needs of the elderly and disabled. One needs to be alert against misuse or unintentional leaks of personal information. Oversight in these aspects could compromise people's privacy, autonomy and wellbeing. A careful assessment of risks can be balanced by taking care at the time of installation. Consent of patients with dementia should be taken before installation so that they are included in decision making. Practice points for an ethical approach to tele care Pre-installation phase: The principal ethical concern during the pre- installation phase is that services should be customized to suit individual needs and that when considering appropriate tele care the risks of the person coming to harm should be balanced against their right to autonomy and participation. Post-installation phase the main ethical concern during the post-installation phase is that tele care information should be collected for a positive purpose and with the consent of the person concerned and desired safety mechanism should be applied. The risks of invading individual privacy should be balanced against independence. For example, an elderly man lives in a shared residential home and has his own flat where he can cook for himself and be independent. He has lived alone since his wife past away 15 years ago. He does not allow anyone else to cook for him. Because his age is advanced, he was advised to use the tele care alarm to monitor his safety and health. The cost of the alarm is not high for the government. Ever since he has the alarm his care plan has been changed and he can now receive meals on wheels food. He now has the confidence and is not frightened anymore. However, this situation is not limited to tele care commissioning and provision. Practitioners are well accustomed to balancing the risks and conflict between meeting policy aspirations and dealing with the realities of frontline practice. 2.3 The impact of recent and emerging technological developments on health and social care services, organisations and care worker There is evidence that new technologies can improve the quality of care processes by improving communication, applying standard processes, and enhancing workflow, when used in conjunction with existing care rather than as a substitution. For example, a survey of GP practices in countries such as Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the US have found that health systems that promote new technologies and information system based infrastructure are better able to address care coordination and patient safety issues and maintain the satisfaction of GPs. In England, researchers studied how electronic patient records influenced the way staff members interact with each other during critical care ward rounds compared with paper based records. Upon analysis of videos, general observation and interviews, they found that it was difficult for the ward round team to interact with each other using the electronic record as compared to paper records. The ph ysical setup of the technology was an impediment for consultants when leading the ward round and prevented other clinical staff from contributing to discussions. There are numerous examples of the benefits of new technologies. A literature review found that information technology supported a systematic approach to diabetes management in general practice. New information technologies have been used to support patients, enhance changes in healthcare delivery and provide clinicians with access to expertise and data about individual patients and populations. Such technologies have been associated with improved diabetes symptoms and enhanced tracing of risk factors. There is sufficient evidence that introducing new technologies can make a significant difference to the quality and safety of care. For instance, proactive tele- care assisted by decision support software has been found to improve clinical outcomes or reduce symptoms in people with depression, heart disease, diabetes, asthma and the frail elderly, amongst others. Similarly, telemedicine based consultations have been available for some years and more recently diagnostic services such as pathology and radiology are beginning to embrace this new technology. Tele radiology and tele- pathology allow medical services to be delivered across vast distances, including across national and international boundaries and facilitate patient recuperation at home. Using technology in this way can be particularly valuable in remote communities where transporting patients and medical practitioners is difficult. Practitioners other than doctors deliver much of the healthcare in rural communities, so it has been suggested that it is essential to ensure that nurses and support staff are IT-enabled and technologically savvy. On the positive side, new technologies have an impact on how staff can be trained and updated. Examples include simulation technology, accessing information via handheld devices, interactive DVDs and onli ne training. Literature suggests that nurses and allied professionals think that computer skills should be taught as part of the undergraduate curriculum or as basic training and that staff is willing to undertake web based learning for continuing professional development in this area. Other useful training requirements include information literacy, privacy and security of health information, and techniques for identifying and adopting new technologies. In the NHS, assessing and training teams in technical skills may be a priority. Research suggests that cell phone applications can significantly reduce the cost of treating young people with severe asthma due to more frequent communication between patients and their medical teams, and by motivating patients to become more engaged and knowledgeable about their care. 3.1 An identification of the specific needs of an individual requiring support to live independently. A spinal cord injury (SCI) may cause a loss of movement and feeling below the site of injury. One can suffer from a spinal cord injury due to trauma, such as a car accident or a fall. Spinal cord injuries are either complete or incomplete. It results in no feeling or movement below the site of the injury. Partial injury allows some feeling and movement. People with spinal cord injuries also may have other problems, such as not being able to control urination and bowel movements. When spinal cords are injured in the neck often need devices to help them breathe. Therefore each client must be assessed as an individual, because no two clients are the same. Customised help is usually required to suit the needs of each patient. Electric wheelchairs are designed for an independent life and can be fitted with a host of drive bases, adjustable seating systems and expandable control systems. With spinal cord injuries (spinal cord injuries), there is a general set of clinical expectations based on where the injuries occurred. But in reality, patients with spinal cord injuries, even those with injuries in the same location, can have significantly different problem sets. And for clients with injuries at the fifth or sixth cervical vertebra the differences from client to client can be even greater. For these clients, electric wheelchairs custom fit to their required specifications can offer independent mobility indoors and outdoors. In addition the client should also have the ability to pronate his/her wrist as well as extend it and complete a tenodesis pattern passive thumb adduction on the index finger during active wrist extension which can also lead to a better, stronger push on the rear wheels. C6 injuries, if complete, typically result in lack of finger movement, wrist flexion and elbow extension, but good control of elbow flexion and wrist extension. The mobility requirements determine the many practical activities and tasks that need to be carried out every day. The tasks they will perform at work need to be considered. Whether they have to carry items, and whether they can push and do this at the same time. Everyday tasks, such as grocery shopping, visiting the bank, getting hair done, eating out, should be considered while making equipment choices.. 3.2 Recommendation for how technologies might support the independent living arrangements. The use of power wheel chair is the best for patient for in and out door mobility besides ability to move around in the environment. How to use it in residential homes can be learnt through staff support. It facilitates lot of changes in care environment and gives the client the autonomy to move about in the environment they are living in. The client gets trained in how to use the technology device through the mass controller. People need a power wheel chair as repositioning device to aid in prevention of pressure sores. Some manufacturers produce 140- 180 degree power seat which is helpful for people with certain medical conditions. When it comes to recommendation a battery powered wheel chair can be the best when discussing options with therapist through assessment of individual needs. Some wheel chairs are equipped with a power leg where you can move your leg and also power seat elevation, this will help client to facilitate in doing things they are used to do for example cooking in the kitchen. A power chair can provide power seating functions that can ensure independence with pressure reliefs. Clinicians and providers may have to consider recommending changes to seating and mobility equipment decisions as a clients medical condition changes. There are many changes that occur over a lifetime that can result in a change in recommendation. Some of these include changes in the patients functional level, either continued recovery or a functional decline; changes in shoulder, elbow or finger range of motion, development of upper-extremity pain, change in daily routine or activities, change in life plan and, therefore, mobility goals, etc. The power chair is a vehicle to get to a destination and maintaining independence across all aspects of life. 3.3 An evaluation of the usefulness of technology for users of health and social care services. The patients choices should be considered. It is very important to actively involve the patient in the evaluation process and have an open discussion/interview regarding their expectations about mobility goals. If they have a desire to drive, how would they like to do that? What kind of vehicle are they hoping to obtain? If they would like to travel, where would they like to go? How will they be getting there? During evaluations consideration of what clinically related changes could be anticipated need to be taken into account. Power assist functions require a very careful assessment, as while the wheels add power and distance covered, there is a safety issue of control of the wheels and wheelchair, which requires upper-extremity fine motor coordination and control. Talking with patients when they are having trouble accepting power mobility and helping them to understand the consequences of their decision can be undeniably difficult and time consuming. But Brown points out that these discussions are crucial to achieving a good outcome. Ultimately, the decision is up to the patient, and it is important that they feel that way. Pressuring them into something is not the answer. It could result in abandonment of the selected technology. It is important to fully understand the patients and/or the caregivers primary goals for the mobility device, related to all aspects of their life. Perhaps neither style of chair will make them independent with all of their mobility goals, but which type will check off the most items on their list in the safest and most efficient fashion? This decision is made on a completely individual basis. Although assistive technology increases independence and improves individuals life. It helps individual from different group such as elderly, young ones and adult. Assistive technology device are expensive and effective equipment. Tele care alarm, Power recliner chair and Braille books are assistive technology used for different individual groups in residential homes for their own independence. The use of (IT) information technology protects information from being leaked out or missing concerning confidentiality in health and social care sector in NHS. The main ethical consideration of tele care in residential homes for older people, protect them from danger. The impact of assistive technology of tele care improves clinical outcomes. The new assistive technology has been impacted that all staff needs to be trained before using any equipment at workplace in health and social care sector. Client with spinal cord injury used power wheel chair because is very effective and easy to move a bout for day to day activities in terms of independent, but is expensive. Similarly, for elderly patients depending on alarm systems of different kinds, technology may have to be regularly updated to suit their changing needs. New products that cater to specific requirements may have to be installed. Care givers need to be educated on the availability and suitability of such devices. According to Han, YY adopting new technology carefully is key to its success after considering all its pros and cons. Samore MH has cautioned against medical device related hazards to the patients. References Bahlman DT Johnson FC 2005, Using technology to improve and support: communication and workflow processes. AORN J vol 82, pp 56-73. 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