Graduation Speech Avoiding College Debt - 895 Words

Avoiding College Debt From elementary school career days to college visits in high school, the importance of continuing our education is drilled into our heads from day one. What the adults who so graciously give up their time to speak at career day fail to mention is enormous cost of college. So, what is a parent to do, dash their child’s dream of becoming a doctor, or find a way to make it happen? We all know a college education comes with a high price tag, but with all the advantages like high income potential and job stability, the investment is well worth it. With time and effort a college education does not automatically come with tremendous debt. Advantages of a College Degree Meeting new people, taking interesting course and the added bonus leaving away from mom and dad, just some of the things a new college thinks are the advantages of going to college. True is while those are all great life experiences, there are true advantages to earning a Bachelor’s Degree or higher. First of all is that college graduates have higher annual incomes and greater lifetime earning potential than non-graduates. According to the United States Census Bureau â€Å"median annual salaries for college and advanced degrees : PhD’s, $100,000 or more; master’s, $63,000; bachelor’s, $55,700; associate’s, $42,000; high school diploma, $32,500.† (collegeatlas.org, 2015). The potential lifetime earnings of college graduates are,† bachelor’s degree holders earn about $2.3 million over theirShow MoreRelatedCase Studies13817 Words   |  56 Pagesregisters members for $30, who are then allowed to bid on exceptional deals. In an effo rt to stand out from the crowded field of online bargain sites, Fashionforward! reached out to the local community in search of help marketing their company to college students. Part of this effort included hiring a student intern, Carly LeBlanc. At that point, Fashionforward! had no formal marketing strategy for targeting consumers. As someone who grew up in the digital age, LeBlanc knew she had to kick startRead MoreWhose Interests Should Be the Paramount Concern of Government Trade Policy - the Interests of Producers (Businesses and Their Employees) or Those of Consumers?8858 Words   |  36 Pagesthe period of rapid economic growth (Wade 2004; Mah 2007a).2 For China, Lichtenstein (2000) shows that the economic development strategy managed by the government, not left solely to the market, contributed to rapid economic growth since 1979 by avoiding the instability of the market mechanism.3 Under the current World Trade Organization (WTO) system, there are strict restrictions or even prohibition on the DCs’ use of export promotion policies. Although more than 15 years have passed since the settlementRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesValley State University Barbara A. Gorski, St. Thomas University David Hampton, San Diego State University Stanley Harris, Auburn University Richard E. Hunt, Rockhurst College Daniel F. Jennings, Baylor University Avis L. Johnson, University of Akron xx PREFACE Jay T. Knippen, University of South Florida Roland Kushner, Lafayette College Roy J. Lewicki, Ohio State University Michael Lombardo, Center for Creative Leadership Charles C. Manz, University of Massachusetts–Amherst Ralph F. Mullin, CentralRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesH. Furuhashi, Notre Dame; W. Jack Duncan, University of AlabamaBirmingham; Mike Farley, Del Mar College; Joseph W. Leonard, Miami University (OH); Abbas Nadim, University of New Haven; William O’Donnell, University of Phoenix; Howard Smith, University of New Mexico; James Wolter, University of Michigan, Flint; Vernon R. Stauble, California State Polytechnic University; Donna Giertz, Parkland College; Don Hantula, St. Joseph’s University; Milton Alexander, Auburn University; James F. Cashman,Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesIllinois at Urbana-Champaign Professional Experience Academic Positions: Franklin D. Schurz Chair, Department of Management, Mendoza College of Business, University of Notre Dame; Matherly-McKethan Eminent Scholar in Management, Warrington College of Business Administration, University of Florida; Stanley  M. Howe Professor in Leadership, Henry B. Tippie College of Business, University of Iowa; Associate Professor (with tenure), Department of Human Resource Studies, School of Industrial and LaborRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pages.......................................................................... 14 6. Grammatical sketch .................................................................................................................................. 15 6.1 Parts of speech ..................................................................................................................................... 15 6.2 Verbs............................................................................................. .......Read MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagesrequire more educated workers in the coming years. The number of jobs requiring advanced knowledge is expected to grow at a much more rapid rate than the number of other jobs. This growth means that people without high school diplomas or appropriate college degrees increasingly will be at a disadvantage, as their employment opportunities are confined to the lowest-paying service jobs. 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He teaches executive, graduate, and undergraduate courses on project management, organizational behavior, and leadership. His research and consulting activities focus on project management. He has published numerousRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesSoftware Piracy 586 Copyright Protection Patent Protection 586 586 Digital Entertainment Piracy 587 Internet File Sharing 587 Ethical Questions 589 Other Social Issues 589 Access to the Technology 589 Freedom of Speech 590 Hazards of Inaccuracy 590 Impact on Workers The Future 590 591 Review Questions 591 †¢ Discussion Questions 592 †¢ Bibliography 592 569 xiii xiv Contents ̈ CASE STUDY IV-1 The Clarion School for Boys, Inc.—Milwaukee

Homosexuality Equal Rights For All Essay - 1919 Words

INTRODUCTION Human beings are born with a nature to judge the things around them in one way or another. We complain, murmur and gossip about what is not normal or even normal in our sight. Yet, we struggle to see how others think about us and always fail look at ourselves first before judging and criticizing others. The measures of normality, intelligence, beauty and peculiarity are very subjective and we as humans are the inventors of these yardsticks. Yet, repeatedly we think that the principles of our measurement are perfect but we as mortal beings are not anywhere near perfect. Thus, is our yardstick and measurement truly perfect? The question that we are to ask ourselves is â€Å"Who are we to judge?† Homosexuality is the disposition†¦show more content†¦Homosexuality is nothing unusual since the creation of mankind. We may think that it is a new trend or lifestyle that is harnessed in this contemporary and cosmopolitan era. However, homosexuality began centuries before our generation even exist in almost every homosexuality was already widespread by the early part of the sixth century B.C (Dover, 1997). Nevertheless, there are certain countries that disregards the existence of homosexuals and do not approve of them having equal rights as every other human being living within the boundaries of the country. It is forbidden in certain countries for homosexuals to be legally married, to adopt a child and they are also restricted from certain rights that are practiced by the general public as a whole. They constantly encounter physical and mental threats by either the government or the people around them in one way or another, causing some to be angry while some to be living in fear. SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY The sex of every individual is identified biologically through the chromosomes, which acts as the blueprint that cannot be altered. Males have XY-chromosomes while females have XX-chromosomes. Gender on the other hand, is cultivated, nurtured and constructed by the external environment. â€Å"The term gender has been increasingly used to distinguish between sex as biological and gender as sociallyShow MoreRelatedSupreme Court Case Romer v. Evans1501 Words   |  7 PagesBefore the referendum occurred, many of the major cities in Colorado passed laws prohibiting people to be discriminated against based on their sexuality, including whether or not they are homosexual. The citizens of Colorado who disapprove of homosexuality then created a petition to put the second amendment to a vote, and won with a majority of 53% of the votes. Richard Evans, with the support of many others, took the amendment to court claiming it was unconstitutional, and should be removed fromRead MoreEssay on Homosexuality in Hong Kong1477 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In the last decade, the issue of homosexuality has been widely discussed and known in Hong Kong. People have more opportunities to approach the word `homosexuality in their daily life through literatures, movies and occasional news revealing celebrities homosexual behaviors. Simultaneously there has also been significant growth in commercial venues such as restaurants and bars, catering to gays and lesbians. In short, the social context of Hong Kong and the attitudes gays and lesbiansRead MoreHomosexual Articles On The Usa Vs. Saudi Arabia1537 Words   |  7 PagesSamah Alharthi Sara Melton English 121 November 30, 2012 Homosexual Rights in the USA vs. Saudi Arabia. The word Gay originally derived from Germanic word that has a meaning of â€Å"joyful, carefree, happy, bright, and showy† in the 17th century. Around the 19th century the word Gay turned out to be referred to a woman who was a prostitute and a gay man was the man who slept with a lot of women (Hiskey). It could be sort of ironical today that a gay man doesn’t sleep with women and a gay woman (Lesbian)Read MoreHomosexual Rights: The Evolution and Causes838 Words   |  3 Pagesadults doesnt concern the Criminal Code.†1 These famous words were spoken by Pierre Trudeau in December of 1967, after he proposed that homosexuality be decriminalized. He was one of the first heterosexual persons to suggest such a thing. Those words empowered homosexuals to fight back against the unfair treatment they were enduring, and to fight for their rights as human beings. It was also a wake-up call of sorts to Canadians that there were problems with their justice system. In todayà ¢â‚¬â„¢s societyRead MoreWhat is homosexuality? Homosexuality is the romantic or sexual attraction or sexual behavior900 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is homosexuality? Homosexuality is the romantic or sexual attraction or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender. What is same sex marriage? Same sex marriage is marriage between two people of the same sex. The legal recognition of same-sex marriage or the possibility to perform same-sex marriage is called marriage equality or equal marriage. The recognition of same-sex marriage is a political, social, human rights, civil rights, and religious issue in many nations around theRead MoreLegalization of Same-Sex Marriage1033 Words   |  4 Pagesmore and more important to more and more people in the recent past. Many people want gay people to be allowed to get married. They say that marriage is a right, not a privilege. People who oppose gay marriage say that marriage is defined as a union of one man and one woman. Many peo ple, who otherwise are very supportive of a homosexual’s rights, say that they shouldn’t be allowed to marry simply because two people of the same sex can’t get married. According to The Washington Post a record highRead MoreGay Marriage Speech Essay1461 Words   |  6 Pages 1. Introduction A. Many people today talk about the sanctity of marriage. This belief is part of the reason why many people believe that gay marriage should not be legalized in America. To these people I pose the question, is marriage really all that sacred in this country and would letting anyone who wants to enter into same sex marriage make it not so? In my opinion, people like Britney Spears and anyone else who will jump into a Las Vegas 3-day wedding, are the people who are destroyingRead MoreGay And Gay Rights Movement853 Words   |  4 Pagesgay and lesbian rights movements started booming in the 1970’s (Smith 328). At first, the purpose of the movements was to gain support from the public on their cause of equal rights for LGBT people. However, the main goal was for the â€Å"legalization of homosexual behavior; an end to state regulation and repression of lesbian and gay life; and the passage and enforcement of antidiscrimination measures, most importantly in the area of employ ment† (Smith 334). To do this, the gay rights movements of VancouverRead MoreIs Feminism a Harmful Ideology Essay1529 Words   |  7 Pagesan act according to how much utility it produces. In this case, utility refers to an end or consequence. A morally sound act has utility, meaning that its end is a positive one. The act that produces the most happiness is considered the morally right one. An act utilitarian who believes that feminism is a harmful ideology might argue that yielding to feminists beliefs would produce less happiness than rejecting them. S/he may argue that forcing equality by, for example, requiring fire departmentsRead MoreLGBT Subculture Essay examples1428 Words   |  6 Pageslooked down upon, and misjudged; however, they are human beings and deserve to be treated equally. Religion is a major aspect on why society believes that homosexuality is wrong and should not be accepted. Individuals who are against the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender) community because of their religion believe that â€Å"homosexuality is a horrid transgression of God’s plan† (Bawer 74). They consider them sinners because they are going against God’s original intention; relationships should

This Source Discusses Some Of The Traditional Gender...

This source discusses some of the traditional gender differences between men and women in the Japanese and Chinese cultures. In early Chinese and Japanese culture the idea of balance was key. Characteristics tending to be assigned to a specific gender, but one was not necessarily seen as better than another. The qualities where simply different. In both China and Japan women’s work remained largely domestic, such as weaving, and men plowed the fields. The traditional Japanese religion of Shintoism lead to the high status of women in early Japanese culture. The Japanese sun goddess (to whom all emperors claimed ancestry) was greatly revered for her mystical powers, and many female sovereigns where also thought to have great powers.†¦show more content†¦It discusses traditional gender roles in Japan and how they have evolved (largely due to religious influence, but political reasons as well). As with Reese, it does not provide many specific examples of gender expectations and roles, but offers a more generalized view of women’s place in society. This chapter offers a brief, though insightful, overview of Iroquois history, and traditional beliefs and societal structure. Men and women worked together to survive, men hunting or fishing and when working the fields and foraging. Families lived together in longhouse and the eldest female of a line was the dominant figure within the longhouse. Although, ideally, a husband would live with his wife’s family, it seems that did not always occur. Divorce was common, and often fathers did not live in the same longhouse as their children. Children often shared a close relationship to their fathers, however, it was often their mother and an uncle who raised the children. Much of the information in this book is not relevant to my topic. This book focuses on the wrong time period for my research, and does not cover the subject I am interested in great depth. It does, however, offer a good starting point for understanding traditional Iroquois culture and does expand on some basic gen der roles and expectations I can make use of. This source details the roles of women throughout ancient Greek and RomanShow MoreRelatedEssay on Traditional Marriage838 Words   |  4 PagesThe Meaning Behind ‘Traditional Marriage† â€Å"In Sacred Rite or Civil Right,† Howard Moody, a Baptist minister, discusses his inner thoughts on the subject of marriage. He explains the tradition of marriage and informs the rights and freedoms of the people along with describing how it all affects people whether they are against it or with it. Most Christians of all denominations believe that a â€Å"traditional marriage† is the union between two people of the opposite sex and only have one significantRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge on the body as a political object. In this essay I will examine six different articles with the similar theme of women’s bodies, the expression of those bodies and how by using feminism as a political standpoint they gain power and ownership of their bodies. The first article is â€Å"The Social Construction of Gender† by Judith Lorber. In this essay she states that sex and gender is constructed through the society in which we live and that, â€Å"Gender is so pervasive that in our society we assumeRead MoreThe Deinstitutionalization Of Marriage And The Sanctification Of Gendered Marital Roles1316 Words   |  6 Pagesof gendered marital roles. Journal Of Family Issues, 30(2), 147-178. This article contains research on the deinstitutionalization of marriage and the changing gender roles by focusing on a unique group of marriages. The authors use quantitative and qualitative research data from previous studies. The article reveals that covenants are more traditional than standards across religious, marital, and gender attitudes. It discusses covenant-married couples as opposed to other married couples (homosexuals)Read MoreSummary : Just Add Hormones An Insider s Guide The Transsexual Experience 954 Words   |  4 PagesJust Add Hormones by introducing the terms sex and gender as individual and different words in definition. He also spoke about how transgendered people take much longer to transition than what people frequently assume. Most people assume that one surgery can make a male a female, or a female a male. The book overall discusses the stereotypes transgender people have, and how those stereotype dehumanize regular people. The book shows accurate diffe rences between being female and being male. It allows readersRead MoreDiscrimination And Its Effects On Children1089 Words   |  5 Pagesin education towards students. Whether it is from the ethnicity or gender, students are being treated unjustly and unfairly. Effects vary from person to person but, it undoubtedly can cause damage to someone’s health. Discrimination towards students can be very detrimental to their mental and physical health. In the United States, public school systems are intended to provide free and equal education to all students. Sadly, this is rarely and sometimes not the case what so ever and the effects canRead MoreFeminist Theory And International Human Rights786 Words   |  4 PagesThis article examines the interaction of feminist theories and international human rights discourses as detailed in UN documents. The UN has advanced women’s rights by introducing a new human rights discourse, and by offering a place for interaction among women from different parts of the world. Women have used these opportunities from the UN to push several different feminist theoretical frameworks. The author examines the interaction of these various feminist. theories. She is drawing attentionRead MoreI Am Not My Sexuality2343 Words   |  10 PagesRoman times and discusses Sodom and Gomorrah and continues to the present day. He makes mention of how homosexuals left various cities to escape the traditional life constraints and went to other cities to begin transforming the city into much construction of the gay and lesbian culture. Bonilla, L amp; Porter, J (1990). A comparison of latino, black, and non-hispanic white attitudes toward homosexuality. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 12(4), 437-452. This article discusses Latinos, BlacksRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace714 Words   |  3 PagesDiversity in the Workplace Introduction Workplaces are becoming increasingly diverse, and this is a dynamic that is causing some tension between and among employees. What are the positives and negatives of diversity in the workplace? America is a place with a great diversity of cultures, but sometimes in the workplace cultural values can clash and this paper discusses the why and how of those issues. The Literature Why are workplaces becoming more diverse, and why does diversity in a companyRead MoreCriminology And Sociology : Criminology1296 Words   |  6 PagesSummary of Criminology and Sociology: Criminology is concerned with examining the complex issues of crime and criminality to find its underlying causes. 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Peer Pressure is Unavoidable in Adolescent Development

Peer Pressure is undeniably avoidable in adolescent development. There are many types of peer pressure. These types include: Individual, direct, and indirect. What are these? Individual peer pressure can be explained as self pressure. In other words, it is pressure that comes from one’s own self. Being and feeling different from a group of friends or a certain clique can cause hardship, stress, and insecurity. What does this look like? One might drastically change their style of clothing, music, the way they carry themselves, and how they talk. Common ways of trying to fit in include, experimenting with drugs that one is not in full understanding of and this can further emotional damage to them. Another type of peer pressure is direct peer pressure. What is this? Direct peer pressure may be an individual or group of people going to the person and telling them what they should do, be, and say. This is an act of bullying. The final and last type of peer pressure is indirect peer pressure. This type of peer pressure is not always obvious and may be the more common and more damaging of the three. It is common for one to have different groups of friends especially in such a diverse world we live in today. There is a common saying â€Å"You are who you surround yourself with†. One may start to conform to the actions of others without being directly influenced or individually influenced, and before they know it, a dangerous path is gone down. Who is affected by peer pressure? ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Term Storm And Stress Is A Term Coined By G. Stanley Hall2017 Words   |  9 PagesIf adolescents have to adjust to so much potentially stressful changes, and at the same time pass through this stage of life with relative stability, as the empirical view indicates, how do they do it? (Coleman and Hendry, 1999). The term ‘storm and stress’ is a term coined by G. Stanley Hall (1904). It is derived from the German word ‘Sturn und Drung’. ‘Sturn ung Drung’ is a psychological theory that occurs when youths experience idealism, ambitiousness, rebellion, passion, suffering, as wellRead MoreAdolescent Is Emotional And Emotional Development1925 Words   |  8 PagesParents gasp and cheer their child on when they take their first step or on their first day of school. These are major developments in a child’s life. Similar major developments occur in the period of adolescence. Adolescence is the period following the onset of puberty during which a young person develops from a child into an adult â€Å"Adolescence is a new birth, for the higher and more completely human traits are now born,† says Psychologist G. Stanley Hall. 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They see the celebrities as successful and popular. In addition, they want to achieve popularity and success and sometimes are unconsciously influenced by peer pressure to â€Å"look good†. For instance, in the poem Barbie Doll by Marge Piercy the girl is a typicalRead MoreMarijuana Is The Most Popular Illicit Drug Used Among Our Teenagers Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"gateway† to other lethal substances. Smoking marijuana increases respiratory diseases, impaired immune function, cognitive problems and motivational impairment. (National Institute on Drug Abuse). It is the leading cause of abnormal cognitive development which persists long after abstinence. Marijuana is the main drug used by children who seek emergency medical treatments and screened following an arrest or autopsies (Dennis et at). 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Where in the pecking order of society are products of miscegenation placed? For an adolescent already searching for an established sense of self, this impression of being an outsider nationally due to an interracial

Analysis of the Telecommunications industry

Question: Discuss about theAnalysis of the Telecommunications Industry. Answer: Introduction The telecommunication industry in Australia is based on the use of electronic devices and services like telephone, television radio and computer in communication. Given (2010, P.60) states that the industry has undergone a lot of transformation based on the rise of digital technology, data sharing and the interconnected economy that the world faces today. This is due to the increased technological innovations that are shaping the industry. Grove (2014, P. 19) suggests that these rapid changes are presenting adaptation challenges to the telecommunication industry that have made the industry to greatly struggle with the changes. On the other hand, customer requirements are changing with the changing technology thus making telecommunication companies respond quickly to any technological change (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2016, P. 4). To understand the industry well PESTEL analysis is used to investigate important factors and forces driving the industry and influenci ng companies that are operating in the sector. It describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used to do an external analysis of a business to understand the market growth and decline patterns. On the other hand, Porters five forces are used to analysis factors that shape and influence the business within the industry. Pestel Analysis Political Trends The industry is highly affected by regulations that come up frequently. This is due to competition between government led companies and private companies that are running telecommunication service. However the rise of the internet in the society has made it part of human life as so many activities are dependent on the internet today. Today the internet is described as the internet of everything meaning that the society is heavily depending on the internet. Therefore governments need to develop regulations that can favour users. Mostly many governments regulate the industry to reduce price wars and safeguard the consumer from exploitation (Pearce, 2010, P. 11). This means that the government has a problem with the service providers and the consumer since it has to ensure that there is adequate legislation that favours all the parties. Economic Trends Abdullah Shamsher (2011, P. 1451) suggests that the business environment is shaped by inflation and taxes that affect the pricing of the services that are offered to customers. On the other hand, the telecommunication industry has to build towers and satellites in rural areas which become expensive. Further, the demand for telecommunication services keeps increasing as the population grows and thus prices may go up if demand is too high.(Schmieder-Ramirez Mallette (2015, P. 11) argue that customers and technology shape the way the industry grows. Businesses are designing strategies to reach out to more people and thus using the internet and mobile phones to market their products (Venkatram Zhu, 2012, P. 11-12; Carr Junior, 2010, p. 44). This is, therefore, opening up more jobs for local economies of any country as more people are becoming engaged in the industry. This has also led to the rise of the 24-hour economy since the internet and technology in the telecommunication indust ry have given rise to new business platforms like chat rooms and websites. Social Cultural Trends The telecommunication industry grows vertically more than horizontally; most services are concentrated in urban centres where setting up is easy as compared to rural areas. The rural customer cannot enjoy all the privileges that are enjoyed by the urban customer. For example, here are no WIFI rooters and fibre optic cables in the rural areas and thus some privileges may not be available to such customer. World Bank (2012, P. 11) states that social cultural trends have entirely shaped the telecommunication industry especially the way the services are used. Today companies in the industry have more internet customers than those that use call services. In this case social cultural trends determine how the business environment looks like and how players in the industry operate. Many companies are developing strategies on how to tap internet profitability from the consumer. Consumers are increasing demanding data on both fixed and mobile networks for use is based on the role that the inte rnet is playing in society. Today the internet is the communication tool that most people use to share information and data using different platforms (Momaya, 2011, P. 155). Technological Trends The telecommunication industry has been forced to advance with the technological trends that are available in the market. The needs and requirements in the industry keep on changing as technology also advances. For example, the rise of the wireless technology has changed the industry while customer requirements are also changing. Today customers want internet enabled phones that can be used to carry out many functions. Telecommunication companies are also improving their services like the move from 3G to 4G as a way of increasing customer connectivity (Rosenberg, 2011, P 27). Due to increased competition between telecommunication companies, each company has to keep up with technological changes to meet the changing customer needs. On the other the younger generation offer the most suitable market for the telecommunication industry. To satisfy this group of customers companies have to ensure that they keep up with technological changes (Wheen, 2011,P. 12). Legal Trends Legislation issues in the industry are based on issues that affect and shape the industry. These issues are based on government, the companies in the industry and customers. However depending on the issues that affect the party that is involved, the government may intervene by legislating regulations that may control the sector. For example, some countries do not manufacture all telecommunication devices but rather import from other countries. This means that legal restrictions that existed within the importing country may affect the industry in one way or the other. On the other hand, consumer laws vary from country to country to country and thus the way they shape the industry depends entirely on the legal restrictions within the country (Boss Company, 2010, P. 21). Demographic Trends Keung (2014, P. 6479) suggests that demographic trends are shaping the world and businesses that take place on the planet. The business environment has become dynamic and it is driven by many factors that are beyond the control of players within the industry. These trends shape the future economy and affect the current business operations of the telecommunication industry. There are several major trends that will shape the telecommunication industry. The first trend is the nature of the population or ratio of children to older people. A younger generation presents future business opportunities unlike the old. The second trend is the reduced population growth in emerging economies. This presents a major challenge since if the old are more dependable than the young. Demographic trends are used by companies in analysing market segments that exist in customers (Yuksel, 2012, P. 55). Through segmentation companies in the industry determine the products that they can develop to suit the bu siness needs of the consumers within the segment. Green Environment Trends Green environment trends are based on global warming and pollution of the environment which is based on legislations that are pro nature. All industries have been forced to comply with the green environmental trends by ensuring that the services that are offered do not harm the environment (Cadle, et al. 2015, P. 4). Since the industry is based on manufacture of devices, many countries have developed laws that protect the environment. For example, Australia has a carbon law that regulates carbon in the atmosphere while other countries have enacted laws that force industry to use organic materials for packaging their products. These trends shape every industry and thus force companies that are willing to enter the industry to comply with certain aspects (Yip, 2013, P.16). Porters model Porters model proposes five forces that shape and influence the external environment of any industry, they are based on threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of customers, threat of new entrants and threat of substitutes (Wheelan Hunger, 2010, P. 26) Threat of New Entrants There is little threat of new entrants in the telecommunications sectors since the market seems to be dominated by the players who already exist in the market. The biggest threat that companies face when joining the industry is the capital requirement for investing. This is based on the fact that existing players in the industry have heavily invested in capita making it difficult for new entrants (Trim, 2014, P. 243). For example, in the Australian telecommunications there are bigger players who dominate the market with a larger market share. These companies monopolize the industry making it difficult for any other player to enter the field. The nature of the industry and the technological advancements that keep on changing mean that there are huge fixed costs and capital requirements that are required in the industry. On the other hand, Sammon, et al (2014, P. 19) suggests that operating abilities and management of the industry makes it difficult for new entrants to compete with exi sting giants in the market. Therefore market entry in many countries and regions is difficult since the existing giants dominate everything. Power of Suppliers The bargaining power of suppliers within the industry is low since some companies that are in the industry have stable supply sources that they have established networks for a long time. On the other hand, the contracts that exist between the companies in the industries are binding to lock out competitors. Therefore suppliers have low bargaining power. Further, some of the companies in the industry have multiple activities that include manufacture of devices and running of telecommunication services. These companies therefore rely less on the supplier for the major business value chain that they operate (Agarwal, et al., 2012 P. 15). Ayub, et al (2013, P. 93) suggests that companies in the industry have a pool of suppliers that they choose from. Also consumers have varying preferences on products that come from different companies. Segmentation of customers is also a factor that companies within the sector use to determine the supplier. For example, some customers may prefer Nokia de vices, others Samsung and other LG, this thus shapes the industry by limiting the bargaining power of the supplier. Power of Buyers The bargaining power of customers is very high due to the increased and available players in the industry. Despite the fact that there are monopoly giants in the industry; there exists one or two suppliers within the industry where the customer can compare the rates before making a decision. On the other hand, the fight for customer loyalty has led to price wars between companies that operate within the industry thus increasing bargaining power of the customer. Customers have a variety of choices within the industry that they can pick from. Information technology has also presented buyers with an easy opportunity for analysing the best companies that they can opt for (Riston 2012, P. 19). Buyers can use online applications to do a comparison of the companies within the industry to determine the one that offers the best deals for them. This has led to buyers use different services for different purposes. For example, a buyer may use a certain service provider for calling and another p rovider for internet services based on the differences that exist between the two industry players using the products that they offer. Availability of Substitutes The telecom industry faces a threat of substitutes from satellites and cable television operators. Today technology has enabled fusing of different services on devices to enable them provide other services. For example, television decoders have a wireless rooter where the user can access wifi using the decoder and watch television at the same time. This, therefore, minimises the need telecommunication services subscription. Further, this has brought a twist in the telecommunication industry, where even the telecommunication providers are diversifying their services to increase business opportunities (Whalley, 2010, P. 11). On the other hand, communication patterns are slowly changing today, many people are using the internet to communicate rather than voice calls. For example, social media has enabled communication through online chats. Competitive Rivalry within the Industry There is high competition between the players in the industry because most companies offer similar products. Most of the companies that aggressively compete with each other have been in the industry for a very long time. Some of the companies are multinational corporations offering products across the globe (Ommani, 2011, P. 9451). However new technology has changed the telecommunication industry making most people to pay for the service. They have different purposes that they need the services for like internet and calling. Further, new technology has led to the emergence of new service that offers similar products. Pearce Robinson (2015, P. 21) argues that increasing technological innovations have increased competition in the telecommunication iindustry with players within the industry going an extra mile to impress the customer. This competition leads to price wars between companies in the sector to impress and increase the customer base. This reduces the profitability in the ind ustry since the prices are set too low as compared to what the real price should be (Abdullah Shamsher, 2011, P. 1450). Current Future Profitability The telecommunication industry depends more on infrastructure rather than financial strengths. Infrastructure affects the efficiency and effectiveness of the industry and its users in general. This means that the growth, stability and profitability of industry to make the conditions better for the industry players. Reed Vakola (2013, P. 399) suggests that Telecommunication industries are fast growing capital-intensive businesses as compared to other businesses. Changes in the telecommunication technology are shaping the profitability that companies in the industry enjoy. Before the increased rise of the internet, the telecommunications industry dependent entirely on communication tariffs for its profits. Today the industry is shaped by many factors that are beyond the industry. Many companies within the industry that are offering telecommunication services have diversified their business opportunities to increase profitability. Wilkinson (2010, P. 165), suggests that apart from offe ring telecommunication services, industry players have ventured in the manufacture of digital devices that use the services that they offer. Some companies are also developing applications that support the services that they offer or managing them for different businesses. The profitability of the sector is, therefore, entirely dependent on individual players within the industry and how they strategise their business ideas. Therefore the profitability of the sector is dependent entirely on the business strategies of the individual player and the market dynamics of the environment that the player operates in. Conclusion The telecommunication industry is affected by external and internal factors which shape the nature of the business within the industry. The business environment is very competitive with players being largely affected by government regulations within the countries that they operate in. Koumparoulis (2013, P. 33) suggests that governments play a major role in providing infrastructure for enabling the industry to thrive. On the other hand, the services that are offered by different players are similar, thus very little differentiation of the products being offered. Only players that have analysed the market and developed the best strategies can survive the industry. Therefore industry profitability is dependent on external factors that shape the market and create necessary infrastructure (Pearce Robinson, 2015, P. 23). This is based on the changing needs of the telecommunication industry which makes customers to demand more form the industry. On the other hand, the increased demand for data has led to the need for industry players to develop strategies that can accommodate the increased network traffic that is a result of increased internet use. Apart from investing in network infrastructure, companies need to ensure that sufficient resources are applied in technology to boost the industry. References Abdullah, M. N. Shamsher, R., 2011. A Study on the Impact of PEST Analysis on the Pharmaceutical Sector: The Bangladesh Context. Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing, 7(12), pp. 1446-1456. Agarwal, R., Grassl, W. Pahl, J., 2012. Meta-SWOT: introducing a new strategic planning tool.. Journal of Business Strategy, 33(2), pp. 12-21. 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Historical Places in Dhaka free essay sample

Introduction It’s a presentation about the important historical places of ancient Dhaka. There are so many places which are really worthy of drawing our attention. But it is a mammoth task to sort out the important one among the many more. Here we tried to highlight most of the important historical places according to their glorious past and profound impact on the later life of the people living in this arena. Such as, the description of Lalbagh Fort reminds us our glorious past when people of Bengal used to lead a happy life as the subject of Shaista Khan. Ahsan Manjil which is still standing by the mighty river Buriganga, lets us know about Nawab Khwaja Ahsanullah who was a great philanthropist, especially who paved the way of establishing of The University of Dhaka by allotting such a massive area where Dhaka University is still functioning. Sonargaon of Issa Khan presents the happy picture of Bengal during his reign when people used to live in a perpetual bondage of happy life. Hoseni Dalan, Baitul Mukarram and Star Masjid and Dhakesswari temple etc. are the religious places for people. The Central Shahid Minar near Dhaka Medical College, The National Memorial at Savar, The Suhrawardi Udyan by Dhaka University and the Martyred Intellectual Memorial at Mirpur are really the golden witness of our Liberation war which occurred in 1971. Ahsan Monjil Ahsan Manzil, Bangladesh National Museum, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Shyamal Roy says: The palace has enjoyed a varied history, starting from being Rang Mahal (of Sheikh Enayetullah, a Zamindar of Jamalpur pargana (Barisal) during the time of the Mughals) to a French trading centre. Nawab Khwaja Alimullah bought it from the French in 1830 and converted it into his residence, effecting necessary reconstruction and renovations. The final reconstruction was done by Martin. Construction The construction of the palace was begun in 1859 and completed in 1872. Abdul Ghani named it Ahsan Manzil after his son Nawab Khwaja Ahsanullah. The newly built palace first came to be known as the Rang Mahal. On April 7, 1888, a tornado caused severe damage to Ahsan Manzil Andar Mahal, the older part of the palace, was completely devastated. During the reconstruction of the Andar Mahal a good part of the palace was overhauled and repaired, and the exquisite dome of the present Rang Mahal was added. Ahsan Manzil was again damaged by an earthquake in 12 June 1897 and again repaired by the Nawab Ahsanullah. Glory days Nawab Sir Salimullah with his family in front of Ahsan Manzil In 1874, Lord Northbrook, Governor General of India attended an evening function in the palace when he came to lay the foundation of a water works installed by Nawab Abdul Ghani. In 1888, Lord Dufferin also accepted the hospitality offered at Ahsan Manzil. In 1904 Lord Curzon, on a visit to East Bengal, stayed in this palace on 18 and 19 February to win public support for the proposed Partition of Bengal. When in 1952 the Dhaka Nawab State was acquired under the East Bengal Estate Acquisition Act, it became impossible for the successors of the Nawabs to maintain the palace due to financial constraints. Nawab Khwaja Habibullah started living at Paribag Green House soon after the acquisition of the zamindari. The palace was soon on the verge of collapse as successors rented out rooms without considering its dignity. Over the years illegal occupants turned the place into a filthy slum. Recognizing the historical and architectural importance of the Ahsan Manzil, the government of Bangladesh took the initiative to renovate it. In 1985 Ahsan Manzil and its surroundings were acquired. After the completion of the renovation work in 1992 under the supervision of the Directorate of Public Works and Architecture, it was brought under the control of Bangladesh National Museum (20 September 1992). A museum has been established there. Recognizing the historical and architectural importance of the Ahsan Manzil, the government of Bangladesh took the initiative to renovate it. In 1985 Ahsan Manzil and its surroundings were acquired. After the completion of the renovation work in 1992 under the supervision of the Directorate of Public Works and Architecture, it was brought under the control of Bangladesh National Museum (20 September 1992). A museum has been established there. Lalbagh Fort The fort was long considered to be a combination of three buildings: The mosque; The tomb of Bibi Pari; and The Diwan-i-Aam, comprising two gateways and a portion of the partly damaged fortification wall. Recent excavations carried out by the Department of Archaeology of Bangladesh, however, they have revealed the existence of other structures, and it is now possible to have a more or less complete picture of the fort. In the present fort area of 18 acres (73,000 m? ), excavations have revealed the remains of either 26 or 27 structures, with elaborate arrangements for water supply, sewerage, roof gardens, and fountains. Renovation work by the Archaeology Department has now put Lalbagh Fort in a much-improved shape, and it has now become an interesting spot for tourists and visitors. Gateways 1814 painting by Charles DOyly showing the South wall, beside the Buriganga River. Now, the river flows at least a mile to the south. Of the three surviving gateways, the southern one is the most imposing. Seen from the front, it is a three-storeyed structure with a front-on, bordered with slender minarets. From inside, it gives the impression of a two-storeyed structure. The gateway on the northeast is a much smaller and simpler structure. Structural evidence indicates that the fort extended to the eastern side, beyond the present Shaista Khan Road. The third gate, now in the centre of the northern boundary wall, was left incomplete. The present one is a recent construction. Southern fortification wall The southern fortification wall, running westward from the South Gateway, stretches up to the huge bastion in the southwestern corner of the fort. It runs northward for a distance, and is then lost. The boundary wall on the eastern side, connecting the southern and northern gateways, is a modern wall, and it is now assumed that the fort originally embraced areas further east, beyond the present Shaista Khan Road. On the northern side of the southern fortification are placed utility buildings, such as the stable, the administrative block, and its western part accommodates a beautiful roof-garden, with arrangements for fountains and a water reservoir. The residential part is located on the eastern side of the western fortification, mainly to the south-west of the mosque, where the remains of a sewerage line have been found. The sout hern fortification is a twin wall: The outer one is about 6. 10 m high and 1. 37 m thick; and The inner one is 13. 7 m high with same thickness. The two are solid up to a height of 6. 10 m, and there are regular openings in the upper part of the inner wall. The original fortification wall on the south has five bastions at regular intervals, and the western wall has two. Among the seven bastions, the biggest one is near the main southern gate at the back of the stable, which occupies the area to the west of the gateway. The bastion has an underground tunnel. Among the five bastions of the southern fortification, the central one is single-storied, while the rest are double-storied structures. The central one contains an underground room with verandahs on three sides, and it can be approached either from the riverside or from its roof. The double-storeyed bastion at the southwestern corner of the fort is possibly a Hawakhana, with a water reservoir on its roof. Two lines of terracotta pipes have been found that connect all the establishments of the fort with the reservoir. An extra-strong terracotta pipe line, made with double pipes (one inside the other), has been uncovered in the area between the Hammam and the tomb of Bibi Pari. Rooftop garden The area westwards from the stable, parallel to the southern fortification, once had a beautiful roof garden with fountain, rose, flower beds (marked with star designs), and a water reservoir. The buildings underneath contains the administrative blocks, and the residential part on the western side. Central area The central area of the fort is occupied by three buildings: The Diwan-i-Aam and the Hammam on its east; The mosque on the west; and The tomb of Pari Bibi in between the two (in one line, but not at equal distance). The mosque is a three-domed mosque, with a water tank in front (on the eastern side) for ablution. A water channel, with fountains at regular interval, connects the three buildings from east to west, and two similar channels run from south to north: One through the middle of the ground, in between the Diwan-i-Aam and the tomb, forming a square tank, with fountains at the intersection with the east-west channel; and The other, from the water reservoir, passing through the bottom of the tomb. The water channels and the fountains, a very common feature of Mughal architecture, create an atmosphere, not unlike those of the north Indian Mughal forts. A big square water tank (71. 3 m each side), placed in front of and to the east of the Diwan-i-Aam, between the southern and northern gateways, adds to the beauty of the building. There are four corner stairs to descent into the tank. Diwan-i-Aam The double-storeyed Diwan-i-Aam, attached with a single-storeyed Hammam on its west, is an imposing building. The Hammam complex includes an open platform, a small kitchen, an oven, water storage a rea, a masonry brick bath-tub, a toilet, a dressing room and an extra room. The Hammam portion has an underground room for boiling water, and a passage for sweepers. A long partition wall runs north-south along the western facade of the Hammam, dividing the whole fort area into two divisions. Tomb of Bibi Pari The tomb of Bibi Pari, located in the center, is the most impressive of the surviving buildings of the fort. Eight rooms surround a central square room that contains the mortal remains of Bibi Pari. The central room is covered by a false octagonal-shaped dome, wrapped by a bronze plate. The entire inner wall of the central room is covered with white marble, while the four rooms at the sides had stone skirting up to a height of one metre. The walls in the rooms at the four corners are skirted with beautifully-glazed floral tiles. The tiles have recently been restored; two of the original tiles have been retained. The room at the south eastern corner contains a small grave, popularly known to be of that of Shamsad Begum, possibly a relative of Bibi Pari. The archaeological excavations have also revealed strata of the Sultanate, as well as of the pre-Muslim periods, from where terracotta heads and plaques have been found. Thus, it is now justified to say that though the Mughals founded Dhaka, it was definitely inhabited long before the Muslims came to Bengal. Sonargaon Sonargaon (Bangla: ; the name has also been transcribed as Sunargaon ) is the ancient capital of Isa Khans kingdom in Bengal. It is located near the current-day city of Narayanganj, Bangladesh. The great Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta visited Sonargaon in the 14th century. It is thought that when a squadron of the Chinese fleet of Zheng He, commanded by the eunuch Hong Bao, visited Bengal in 1432, they visited Sonargaon as well. The information about that expedition comes from the book of one of its participants, the translator Ma Huan. [1] Sonargaon is the eastern terminus of the Grand Trunk Road, which was built by Chandra Gupta Maurya, and later renovated by Sher Shah Suri, extended approximately 2500 kilometres from Bangladesh across northern India to Peshawar in Pakistans North-West Frontier Province. Historic places Sonargaons `Lok Shilpa Jadughar, was a part of Isa Khans capital. The Panam City was the center of the upper-middleclass people of 19th century Sonargaon. It is now in ruins. Mainly Hindu cloth merchants lived here. Musa Khans Masjid, the Mosque beside the grave of Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah in Shahidullah Hall of the University of Dhaka is a marked work and it is said that the Mosque was made by Isa Khan or son of him, Musa Khan. The Fort of Hajiganj was the main tactical fort of Isa Khan in front of Meghna, Shitalakhya and Brahmaputra. Now at Narayanganj. It is saved by the authority. There is another sister concern of the fort across the river, few miles away. Due to the many threats to preservation (including flooding and vandalism) hat this culturally and historically significant city faces, the World Monuments Fund placed it on its 2008 Watch List of the 100 Most Endangered Sites in this planet. Hoseni Dalan Hoseni Dalan, also spelt Husaini Dalan, is a Shia shrine in the old part of the Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was built in the 17th century during the Mughal era. This commemorates the martyrdom of al-Husain, grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, duri ng the battle of Karbala on 10 October 680 CE. History It is said that one Sayyid Murad built the building during the Subedari (Governorship) of Shah Shuja, son of Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Although Shuja was a Sunni Muslim he patronised Shia institutions too. Legend has it that Sayyid Murad built the building after a vision of al-Husain. Since then, the building has been enhanced and renovated many times. During the rule of the East India Company, it was repaired in 1807 and 1810. After an earthquake damaged it in 1897 it was further extended and reconstructed. Celebrations Although most of the people of Bangladesh are Sunni, there is a small number of Muslims Shia Muslims in Dhaka. During the first 10 days of Muharram, it becomes a centre of mourning and religious celebration in old Dhaka. Both the Sunni and the Shia followers join the mourning, ending in the festival of Ashura when a great procession parades through the streets. For its reconstruction, Pearu Sarder (date, unknown), contributed a vast amount of money in 1975. Baitul Mukarram Mosque The national mosque of Bangladesh, Baitul Mukarram, is situated in the heart of the busy city of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. Dhaka is the largest city in Bangladesh with a population of 11 million. It is also one of the most populous cities in the world. Followers of the Islamic faith consider a mosque to be the primary place of worship where Muslims gather together for prayer. Mosques reflect traditional Islamic architecture and are recognized world-wide for their importance to the Muslim community. In addition to the importance mosques have with regard to worship and prayer, they also serve as places to learn about Islam and to meet fellow believers. With this in mind, it is clear that Baitul Mukarram, being the national mosque of Bangladesh, is of significant importance to Muslims in the area. Due to the rapid growth of the city of Dhaka in the late 1950s, the need arose for a large capacity mosque to care for the increasing Muslim population. The Baitul Makarram Mosque Society was established in 1959 to oversee the project. The land that was selected for the mosque complex is close to the central business district of the city and easily accessible. The mosque complex of Baitul Mukarram was designed by the architect T Abdul Hussain Thariani and has several modern architectural features, while still beautifully preserving the traditional principles of mosque architecture. Construction began on 27 January 1960 and has been carried out in phases. The mosque complex includes shops, libraries, offices and parking areas. The main prayer hall has an area of 26,517 square feet with an additional mezzanine floor on the eastern side which measures 1,840 square feet. The prayer hall has verandas on three of its sides. The mihrab (niche in wall of mosque showing the direction of Mecca) is rectangular instead of the more traditional semi-circular design and ornamental decoration has been kept to a minimum. The gardens with rows of fountains are beautifully maintained. The architectural style of Baitul Makarram closely resembles the famous Ka’abah at Mecca, distinguishing it from other mosques in Bangladesh. Jatiya Sangsad Jatiya Sangsad (Bangla: Jatio Shongshod) or National Assembly is the national parliament of Bangladesh. The current parliament of Bangladesh contains 345 seats including 45 women reserved seats distributed on elected party position in the parliament, the occupants of which are called Members of Parliament or MPs. The last 9th National Parliamentary Election was held on December 29, 2008 and, under normal conditions, elections are called every five years. The leader of the party (or alliance of parties) holding the majority of seats is the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, and so the head of the government. The President of Bangladesh, who is the ceremonial head of state, is chosen by Parliament. The parliament itself is housed in the Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban ( Jatio Shongshod Bhobon) designed by Louis Kahn. The current majority party is the Bangladesh Awami League. Curzon Hall Curzon Hall is part of the school of science of the University of Dhaka. With its significance in education during the post independence era of Bangladesh as well as afterwards, it has become an emblem of educational tradition of the country. History Curzon Hall meant to be a town hall, was named after Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India, who laid its foundation in 1904. A year later Bengal was partitioned and Dhaka or Dacca as it was known then, became the capital of the newly created province of East Bengal and Assam. Following the annulment of partition in 1911 it was used as a premise of Dhaka College, and after the establishment of the University of Dhaka in 1921, became part of the universitys science section and continues as such. During the Language Movement, Curzon Hall was the location of significant events. In 1948, Mohammad Ali Jinnah declared Urdu to be the only state language of Pakistan. Students of Dhaka University opposed it and in Curzon Hall, they declared their opposition to Jinnahs planned about state language policy. Architecture One of the best examples of Dhakas architecture, it is a happy blend of European and Mughal elements, particularly noticeable in the projecting facade in the north which has both horse-shoe and cusped arches. The style combined traditional art with modern technology and functions and favoured Mughal forms such as arches and domes, believed to have entered the Islamic world from the west. It marks the casting aside of veiled power after the Sepoy Revolt of 1857, and Indias passing directly under the British Crown, seeking legitimacy by linkage to the Mughals. The red colour substituting for red sandstone, and the ornate brackets, deep eaves, and domed terrace pavilions (chhatris), specially of the middle section are strikingly reminiscent of the small but well-known Diwan-i-Khas in the palace fortress of Fatehpur Sikri, Emperor Akbars capital between 1570 and 1585. Not only were both cities new capitals, but the deliberate choice of the Fatehpur Sikri style may be explained by the fact that the British favoured Akbar as the wisest and most tolerant of all the Mughals, feeding into the ideal of their own role in India Bahadur Shah Park Bahadur Shah Park is a park in Old Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is now a war memorial and a tribute to the martyrs who fought in the first liberation war or the First War of Independence against British rule. It was here that the conflicting Sepoys and their civil compatriots were publicly hanged. It was built in 1858 at the initiative of Nawab Khwaja Abdul Ghani, in the Sadarghat area, on the ruins of an old building, called Antaghar, a club house of the Armenians, then living in a large number in the neighbourhood. It was called Victoria Park until 1947. After that, it was renamed after Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor. History In late 18th century, Armenians who were living at Dhaka, used to play Billiard in a small building here. Billiard was locally called Anta and thus, the building was called AntaGhor where Ghor meant Building in Bengali. At beginning of 19th century, some British bought the AntaGhor and when it became old, the building was demolished and British built a garden which was called by local Bengalis as AntaMoidan (moidan means garden). Anta Moidan became famous in 1857 when Biritish publicly executed several Sepoys and civil people on the blame of taking part in Sepoy Mutiny. At 1858, on the occasion of Queen Victoras took control of British India, the declaration was read here and Anta Moidan was renamed as Victoria Park. At 1957, on the celebration of 100 years of Sepoy Mutiny, the victoria park was renamed as present Bahadur Shah Park, on respect to last emperor of British India Dhakeshwari Temple Dhakeshwari National Temple (Bengali: ?hakeshshori Jatio Mondir) is a famous Hindu temple in Dhaka, Bangladesh and is state-owned, giving it the distinction of Bangladeshs National Temple. The name Dhakeshwari ( hakeshshori) means Goddess of Dhaka. The temple is located southwest of the Salimullah Hall of Dhaka University. Since the destruction of Ramna Kali Mandir in 1971 by the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War, the Dhakeshwari Temple has assumed status as the most important Hindu place of worship in Bangladesh. History 1890 CE photograph of the four Shiva temples inside the main temple complex. The Dhakeshwari temple was built in the 12 th century by Ballal Sen, a king of the Sena dynasty, and many say the name of the city was coined after this temple. The current style of architecture of the temple cannot be dated to that period because of numerous repairs, renovations and rebuilding in its long years of existence and its present condition does not clearly show any of its original architectural characteristics. It is considered an essential part of Dhakas cultural heritage. Many researchers say that the temple is also one of the Shakti Peethas, where the jewel from the crown of the Goddess had fallen. Although there is not enough historical context in order to establish this as a fact, researchers were directed to this site while trying to locate the particular Shakti Peetha. Since ages, the temple has been held in great importance. The original 800-year old statue was destroyed during the War of 1971. The temple was further damaged during the riots of 1989/90. Location and structure The temple is located in Old Dhaka right behind the campus of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), on Orphanage Road near Bakshi Bazar area. There is a permanent altar outside the main temple premises. It hosts the yearly Puja (worship) of Goddess Durga. Inside the main temple premises, there are four identical structures devoted to Lord Shiva. To the east of these is the main temple, which hosts the statue of the Goddess. Declaration as National Temple of Bangladesh In 1996, Dhakeshwari Temple was renamed Dhakeshwari Jatiya Mandir (National Temple) reflecting its position as the center of Hindu culture and worship in Bangladesh. This was the culmination of a major campaign by Bangladeshi Hindu groups who had been demanding official recognition for the primary Hindu place of worship following the declaration of Islam as the state religion in 1988. As a result, the Flag of Bangladesh is hoisted every morning outside the main temple premises, and it follows the National Flag Code rules such as rendering half-mast on nationally declared days of mourning. As is the practice in other leading religious places of worship in Bangladesh, day-long prayers are common practice during important national holidays such as Independence Day, Language Martyrs Day, Victory Day and birth and death anniversaries of popular leaders such as Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and Ziaur Rahman. Threats to temple security The Dhakeshwari Temple was severely damaged during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, and over half of the temples buildings were destroyed. The main worship hall was taken over by the Pakistan Army and used as an ammunitions storage area. Several of the temple custodians were tortured and killed by the Army though most, including the Head Priest, fled to their ancestral villages and to India and therefore escaped death. A significant portion of the temple land has been lost due to the Vested Property Act and confiscation by the Bangladesh Government, and the current premises are considerably lower than the historic reach of the property. Religious and socio-cultural activities Dhakeshwari Temple is a hub of socio-cultural as well as religious activity. Each year, the largest celebration of Durga Puja (the most important event in the Bengali Hindu calendar) in Dhaka is held at the National Temple, and a stream of dignitaries (such as the Bangladeshi President, Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition, Members of Parliament and media celebrities) come to felicitate the Bangladeshi Hindu community from the temple premises. Several thousand worshippers and onlookers (including Muslims) stream through the premises where they are offered prasad (food usually rice and lentils). A Bijaya Sammelani (cultural program following Durga Puja) takes place in the adjoining parade ground a few days after Durga Puja is complete, and is also a major cultural event in the Dhaka calendar, regularly attracting some of the top performers from the Dhaka music and film industry. One of the most important events of the year is the Janmashthami procession which starts from Dhakeshwari temple and then proceeds through the streets of Old Dhaka; this occurs on the day of the Lord Krishnas birthday, which is also a national holiday in Bangladesh and second only to Durga Puja in importance in the Bengali Hindu calendar. The procession dates back to 1902 but was stopped in 1948 following the establishment of Pakistan and communal disturbances in Dhaka. The procession was resumed in 1989. Star Mosque Star Mosque Star Mosque is situated in Abdul Khairat Road, Armanitola, in the old part of Dhaka City. The mosque is not dated by any inscription. It is known that one Mirza Golam Pir, whose ancestors had come to Dhaka and settled in Mohalla Ale Abu Sayeed (present-day Armanitola), erected it. Mirza Golam Pir died in 1860, and hence the date of construction of the mosque may conveniently be placed in the first half of the 19th century. Originally it was an oblong (10. 06m ? 4. 04m) three-domed mosque. There were three mihrabs on the Qibla wall in alignment with the three doorways of the mosque, of which the central one was larger than the side ones. The prayer chamber was roofed with three domes, the central one being taller and larger than the other two. The domes are carried in the interior on squinches. The original mosque building was not as decorated as it is now. The dilapidated plain and naked wall of the western side bears witness to the plainness of the past. The three southern doorways of the mosque are no doubt the old ones. In 1926 a local businessman named Alijan Bepari added a verandah to the mosque on its eastern side, thereby almost doubling the width of the mosque without changing its original plan. Five arches were erected on four pillars on the eastern facade of the verandah. He also financed its resurfacing with delicate and richly coloured tiles of variegated patterns. In 1987 the three-domed mosque was transformed into a five-domed mosque. At present, the length and breadth of the mosque is 21. 4m and 7. 98m respectively. Some changes took place in its plan; one mihrab was demolished and two new domes and three new mihrabs were added. Five arched doorways provide entrance to the mosque. The multifoiled arches spring up from octagonal pillars. The mosque, both inside and outside, is decorated with mosaic. Small chips of Chinaware-plate, cup etc and pieces of glass have been used for mosaic. This type of mosaic is called Chini Tikri work. Vase with flowers is an important decorative motif on the spandrel of the arches and elsewhere on the facade. Flower-vases, flower branches, rosset, crescent, star, and Arabic calligraphic writing have been used in the decoration of the mosque. The outer wall between the doors are decorated with the motif of Fujisan (Mount Fuji) on glazed tiles and a crescent-and-star design decorates the upper part of the facade. Hundreds of blue stars have been created on the domes of white marble. All over the mosque the motif of stars dominate the decoration and so the mosque is called the Star Mosque (Tara Masjid). BangaBhaban The Banga Bhaban (Bengali: , lit. House of Bengal) is the official residence of the President of Bangladesh, the head of state of Bangladesh. Located in the capital Dhaka, the palace was originally the temporary official residence of the British Viceroy of India. From 1947 to 1971, it was the residence of the Gove History During the reign of the sultanate of Bengal, on the site of Bangabhaban stood the establishment of Hazrat Shahjalal Dakhini, a Sufi saint of Dhaka. The saint and his followers were killed by the agents of the sultan and buried there. The place soon became famous as a mazhar (mausoleum) for the devotees of the saint. There is a building called Manuk House within the Bangabhaban compound. It is conjectured that it belonged to an Armenian zamindar named Manuk during British Raj. Nawab Khwaja Abdul Ghani of Dhaka bought the place from Manuk and built a bungalow there, which he named as Dilkusha Garden. With the partition of Bengal in 1905, the government of East Bengal and Assam bought the real estate and constructed a palatial house to serve as temporary residence for the Viceroy of India and used for him until 1911. From 1911 to 1947, the palace was called the Governor House, and served as the temporary residence of the governor of Bengal. Following the partition of India and the establishment of Pakistan in 1947, the palace became the residence of the governor of East Pakistan. The building was severely damaged by a storm in 1961; substantial reconstruction was completed by 1964. Status One of the most important symbols of Bangladeshs government, the Bangabhaban holds a status akin to the White House in the United States and the Rashtrapati Bhavan in India. Maintained amidst extensive ceremony, the palace is an important historical landmark and the centre of media and tourist attraction. Special public ceremonies are held during Independence Day and Victory Day. The Bangladeshi president resides and works in the palace, and frequently holds meetings, conferences and state dinners for Bangladeshi politicians, intellectuals and visiting foreign heads of state. The traditions and pomp of the palace are a symbolic indication of the presidencys ceremonial superiority to other public and political institutions. Structure The Bangabhaban is a mix of British-Moghul architecture that typify many buildings of the British-era(1857–1947) in Dhaka. With the reconstruction between 1961 and 1964, many elements of Islamic architecture and Bengali tyles were incorporated. The palace has high boundary walls on all four sides. The main building is a three-storeyed palatial complex, around which stands extensive greenery and tree cover. The floorspace of the ground floor is 6,700 square metres. The presidents residence is on the north-east corner, comprising two storeys of two suites along with five well-furnished spacious bedrooms. The presidents office , the office of the civil and military secretaries and other presidential officials, and separate rooms for audience with local and foreign visitors are also located in the ground floor. In addition, there is a cabinet room, banquet hall, darbar hall (court), state dining hall, a small auditorium and a lounge for local visitors. In addition to the presidents residence, there are five rooms for officials, a control room and a studio in the first floor. In the second floor, there are four suites for foreign heads of state and government. The Bangabhaban has an open compound of 47 acres (190,000 m2) of land. The security office, post office, bank, canteen, tailoring shop, a three-domed mosque and barracks of the presidents guard regiment are located in the vicinity of the main gate of the Bangabhaban. The residential quarters for officers and staff of the Presidents office are located in three outlying areas of Bangabhaban. There are also two bungalows one for the military secretary and the other for the assistant military secretary. National Memorial Jatiyo Sriti Soudho (Bengali: Jatio Sriti Shoudho) or National Martyrs Memorial is a monument in Bangladesh. It is the symbol of the valour and the sacrifice of those killed in the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, which brought the independence of Bangladesh from Pakistani rule. The monument is located in Savar, about 35km north-west of the capital, Dhaka. It was designed by Syed Mainul Hossain. History Plans for the monument were initiated right after the independence, in 1972. Following the site selection, road and land development, a nation-wide design competition was held in June, 1978. Following evaluation of the 57 submissions, Syed Mainul Hossains design was chosen. The main structure and the artificial lake and other facilities were completed in 1982. Structure The monument is composed of 7 isosceles triangular pyramid shaped structures, with the middle one being the tallest. The highest point of the monument is 150 feet. There is an artificial lake, and several mass graves in front of the main monument. National Martyrs Memorial situated at Savar, about 35 km north-west of Dhaka, symbolises the valour and sacrifice of the martyrs who sacrificed their lives for the liberation of Bangladesh. A national competition was held for the design of the project in June 1978. Among the fifty-seven competitors Architect Syed Moinul Hossains design proposal was selected. The main monument is composed of seven isosceles triangular planes each varying in size in its height and base. The highest one has the smallest base while the broadest base has the lowest height. The planes are folded at the middle and placed one after another. The highest point of the structure reaches 150 feet. This unique arrangement of the planes has created a structure that seems to change its configuration when viewed from different angles. The architect has used concrete for the monument while all the other structures and pavements of the complex are made of red bricks. Use of different materials has added to the gravity of the monument. The whole complex is spread over an area of 34 hectares (84 acres) which is again wrapped around by a green belt of 10 hectares (24. 7 acre). Several mass-graves and a reflection water body are placed in front of the monument. Once one enters the complex through the main gate he or she can see the monument axially but to reach it one has to walk through different ups and downs of pavements and cross an artificial lake by a bridge-all these represent the struggle for independence. The project was constructed in three phases. The first one, began in 1972, involved in acquiring land and constructing road for the project at a cos t of Tk 26 lacs. During the second phase, 1974 1982, Tk 3. 77 crores were spent in order to build the mass-graves, helipad, parking space, pavements etc. In the third phase, began in August 1982, the main structure was built apart from the artificial lake, green belt, cafeteria, housing etc. The third phase required Tk 848. 65 lacs. The Public Works Department of the Government of Bangladesh supervised the construction of the project. [Md Shahidul Amin and M Zakiul Islam] Shaheed Minar Shaheed Minar, or the Martyrs monument, located near Dhaka Medical College. The Shaheed Minar (Bengali: Shohid Minar) is a national monument in Dhaka, Bangladesh, established to commemorate those killed during the Language Movement demonstrations of 1952. On February 21, 1952, dozens of students and political activists were killed when the Pakistani police force opened fire on Bengali protesters who were demanding equal status to their native tongue, Bangla. The massacre occurred near Dhaka Medical College and Ramna Park in Dhaka. A makeshift monument was elected on February 23[1] by students of University of Dhaka and other educational institutions, but soon demolished on February 26[2] by the Pakistani police force. The Language Movement gained momentum and after a long struggle, Bangla was given equal status as Urdu. To commemorate the dead, the Shaheed Minar was designed and built by Hamidur Rahman, a Bangladeshi sculptor. The monument stood until the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, when it was demolished completely during Operation Searchlight. After Bangladesh gained independence, it was rebuilt. Today, the Shaheed Minar is the centre of cultural activities in Dhaka. Every year, the Language Movement is remembered at the monument. The first Shaheed Minar, built on February 22, 1952. It was demolished by Pakistan Police and Army four days later. The first Shaheed Minar was built immediately after the events of February 21. According to Dr. Sayeed Haider, a main planner and the designer of the first Shaheed Minar, the decision to build it was first taken by the students of Dhaka Medical College. The planning started at midnight on February 22 and the work started the next day. This Minar was sponsored by Pearu Sardar, one of the old dhaka panchayet sardars when some of the students asked his help at the midnight of 22 February to contribute the raw materials needed to build the monument. Although curfew was in place, students started building the Minar in the afternoon of February 23. They worked through the night and finished it at dawn. A hand written paper was attached to the Minar with ‘Shaheed Smritistombho’ written on it. The original Minar measured 10 feet (3. 0 m) by 6 feet. [3] The Minar was inaugurated by the father of Sofiur Rahman, killed during the massacre. It was demolished within a few days by the police and Pakistani Army. [4] Shaheed Minar (1963-1971) When the Awami League government came to power, it became possible to construct the new monument without fear of government retribution. Famous architect Hamidur Rahman created the design of Shaheed Minar under which construction was started in 1957. Hamidur Rahman’s model was a huge complex on a large area of land in the yard of Dhaka Medical College Hostel. The enormous design included a half-circular column to symbolize the mother with her fallen sons standing on the monuments central dais. Yellow and deep blue pieces of stained glass, symbolizing eyes reflecting the sun, were also to be placed in the columns. The marble floor was designed to reflect the moving shadows of the columns. The basement of the Minar also included a 1,500-square-foot (140 m2) fresco depicting the history of the language movement. A railing decorated with Bangla alphabet was to be constructed in front. Two footmarks coloured red and black, indicating the two opposite forces, were also in the design. Besides this a museum and a library were also included in Rahmans design. A fountain shaped like an eye was also to be constructed. Rahman specifically designed the materials of the monument to withstand the areas tropical climate. Construction started in November 1957 under the supervision of Hamidur Rahman and Novera Ahmed. Most of the work, including the basement, platform, some of the columns with the rails, footprints and some of the murals were also finished when the Martial Law was introduced and construction was forced to a halt. Construction work was completed in 1963, leaving much of Rahman’s design unfinished. It was inaugurated on February 21, 1963 by the mother of Abul Barkat, Hasina Begum. The Minar was severely damaged during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. The columns were destroyed during the fighting. [5] The Pakistani Army crushed the Minar and placed over the rubble a signboard reading Mosque. Current Shaheed Minar The current Shaheed Minar design mainly follows the original plan of 1957. The minars are constructed with pure marble stone upon a 14 feet (4. 3 m) high stage. The stairs and railings are painted white to create a heavenly appearance. The fence on both sides is highlighted with lines from poems of famous poets in iron letters. The entrance of the monument includes two statues. The previous plan of Watch house, library and other statues were also included. The plan was again accepted on May 5, 1973 and Hamidur made a rough agreement to submit to the Purto Secretary for sanction. Previously, in February 1973, the government had hurried to repair the Shaheed Minar. As a result the Minar was constructed incorrectly. The height of the column was shorter and the head bent more than originally planned, and the proportions of different parts of the monument were not propertly maintained. Repair of the Shaheed Minar was again started during the Ershad regime. This time the main stage and the columns were unchanged, but the stairs were extended forward and the huts at the bottom of the Minar were closed. The front premise was also made higher. As a result, the area of the premises and the stairs was increased. [6] A replica of the Shaheed Minar at Altab Ali Park, in east London The large scale emigration of Bangladeshis to other parts of the globe has led to several permanent replicas of the Shaheed Minar being built outside Bangladesh. Two of these are in England. One is in Altab Ali Park, near Whitechapel and Brick Lane in Tower Hamlets, east London. The second is in the Westwood neighbourhood of Oldham, in Greater Manchester. Suhrawardy Udyan Suhrawardy Udyan (Bangla: ) formerly known as Ramna Race Course ground is a national memorial located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is named after Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. Originally it served as the military club of the British soldiers stationed in Dhaka. It was then called the Ramna Race Course and later Ramna Gymkhana. After the end of colonial rule, the place sometimes referred to as Dhaka Race Course was used for legal horse racing on Sundays. The place is also etched in history as it was here that Sheikh Mujibur Rahman made his historic This time the struggle is for our freedom speech that inspired Bengalis to prepare for the freedom struggle. The original Flag of Bangladesh was also hoisted here for the second time since it was first unfurled at the University of Dhaka and the first time it was flown at such a large public gathering in Bangladesh. It was also the site of the centuries old Ramna Kali Mandir, a Hindu temple nd Dhaka landmark that was razed to the ground by the Pakistan Army on March 27th, 1971 in a massacre that led to the death of over 100 people. Incidentally it became the setting for the surrender of Pakistan Army under Lt. Gen. A. A. K. Niazi on December 16, 1971 after their defeat in the Bangladesh Liberation War to the allied forces of Mitro Bahini led by Jagjit Singh Aur ora. The instrument of surrender was signed at this place and the date is celebrated by Bangladeshis as Victory Day. The place is currently maintained as historic park with an eternal flame setup in 1996 to symbolize freedom. Martyred Intellectuals Memorial Martyred Intellectuals Memorial (Bengali: ) is a memorial built for the memory of the martyred intellectuals of Bangladesh Liberation War. The memorial, located at Rayerbazar, Mohammadpur Thana in Dhaka, was designed by architect Mostafa Ali Kuddus. During the entire duration of Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971, a large number of teachers, doctors, engineers, poets and writers were systematically massacred by Pakistan Army and their local collaborators, most notably the alleged Islamist militia groups Al-Badr and [Al-Shams (Bangladesh)|[Al-Shams]]. The largest number of assassinations took place on December 14, 1971, only two days before the surrender of Pakistan army to the joint force of Indian army and Mukti bahini. In the night of 14 December 1971, over 200 of East Pakistans intellectuals including professors, journalists, doctors, artists, engineers, and writers were rounded up in Dhaka. They were taken blindfolded to torture cells in Mirpur, Mohammadpur, Nakhalpara, Rajarbagh and other locations in different sections of the city. Later they were executed en masse, most notably at Rayerbazar and Mirpur. In memory of the martyred intellectuals, December 14 is mourned in Bangladesh as Shaheed Buddhijibi Dibosh (Day of the Martyred Intellectuals). Even after the official ending of the war on December 16 there were reports of hostile fire from the armed Pakistani soldiers and their collaborators. In one such incident, notable film-maker Zahir Raihan was killed on January 30, 1972 in Mirpur, allegedly by the armed Beharis of Mirpur. The number of intellectuals killed is estimated as follows: educationist 991, journalist 13, physician 49, lawyer 42, others (litterateur, artist and engineer) 16. Noted intellectuals who were killed between March 25 and December 16, 1971 in different parts of the country included Govinda Chandra Dev (Philosopher, Professor at DU), Munier Chowdhury (Litterateur, Dramatist, Professor at DU), Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury (Litterateur, Professor at DU), Anwar Pasha (Litterateur, Professor at DU), Dr. Mohammed Fazle Rabbee (cardiologist), Dr. Alim Chowdhury (ophthalmologist), Shahidullah Kaisar (journalist), Nizamuddin Ahmed (Reporter), Selina Parvin (reporter), Altaf Mahmud (lyricist and musician), Dr. Hobibur Rahman (mathematician, Professor at RU), Dhirendranath Datta (politician), Ranadaprasad Saha (philanthropist), Lt. Col. Moazzem Hossain (ex-soldier), Mamun Mahmood (Police Officer), and many others.