Michael Clayton: Attorney Client Privilege Essay -- Film Analysis

It is a plot line that seemed to come straight out of a John Grisham novel. After all it had all the major elements: a conspiracy, a corrupt corporation, but most importantly a lawyer examining his inner conscience only to decide to break with the status quo and expose his corporate masters. In fact, one could say that the film Michael Clayton (2007), was a modern day John Grisham film that never was. In all certainty, Michael Clayton is a typical Hollywood movie with a typical Hollywood ending where good defeats evil and where truth prevails over obfuscation.That does not mean that it should be dismissed so readily however. The film Michael Clayton still raises many of the ethical questions within the legal profession. Namely, the film explores the concept of the Attorney Client Privilege, and through its plot and rich storyline, questions the very notion of it. However, it is easy to forget that the film is a pure work of fiction; and although it does a adequate job of pointing out the disadvantages of the Attorney Client Privilege, its assertion that the privilege should be eroded when the attorney knows that his or her client is lying, is just as phantasmal as the scenes are which are in the film. â€Å"I’m not a miracle worker; I’m a janitor,† remarks Michael Clayton in one of the opening scenes of the film. An apt phrase because Clayton has been dispatched to rein in a fellow associate named Arthur Edens who is suffering from a manic breakdown—stripping off his clothes during the middle of a deposition and running around naked in the parking lot. Visiting Edens in jail after the incident, the sighs of the breakdown showed no sighs of subsiding. In the middle of a conversation with Clayton, Edens goes on a tirade, eventually aski... ...t everyone has a job to do. Lawyers are—and should not be—an exception to that rule. Works Cited Freedman, Monroe H., and Abbe Smith. Understanding Lawyers' Ethics. New Providence, NJ: LexisNexis, 2010. Print. Kairys, David. "Legal Education As Training For Hierarchy." The Politics of Law: a Progressive Critique. By Duncan Kennedy. New York: Basic, 1998. 54-75. Print. Keefe, Patrick Radden. "Michael Clayton's Devastating Critique of the Legal Profession. - By Patrick Radden Keefe." Slate Magazine. Washington Post.Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC, 19 Feb. 2008. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. Shanahan, Sara Jane. "Another View: The Eroding Attorney-Client Privilege - NYTimes.com." NYTimes.com. The New York Times Company, 2 Nov. 2009. Web. 10 Mar. 2011. Simon, David. "The Attorney-Cleint Privilege As Applied to Corporations." Yale Law Journal 65.7 (1956): 953-90. Print.

Comparing to Gospels: Mark & John

Claudia Corbetta April 5, 2013 THE-307 The Bible is a collection of texts considered sacred in Christianity. Separated in many sections, the Bible includes four gospels by four different authors that tell stories, miracles, parables, teaching and stories telling the world on Jesus’ life. The gospels are named after the four apostils Mark, Matthew, Luke and John. Each gospel has similarities and differences in many aspects, but they all have a common end: they all tell the story of Jesus of Nazareth.The Gospel of Mark is directed towards gentile Christians, because he has to explain Semitic terms that Christians might not understand. It shows that the author is unfamiliar with the geography and is unfamiliar with Jewish customs. This gospel is also the earliest one written and narrates the Ministry of Jesus, including the baptism all the way to Jesus’ death and resurrection. Mark doesn’t have any information about his life before the baptism or his genealogy, it s imply says that he â€Å"came out of Galilee†, similar to Johns gospel that mentions he is of Galilean origin.Throughout Mark’s gospel, Jesus is named the â€Å"Son of Man† (MK 2:28). Referring him as and agent of God that will wipe out all evil and Israel will be in power. There are two types of gospels written. There is the high Christology and the low Christology or also named Christology from above and below. Between Marks gospel and Johns gospel they are both written in two types of ways. Mark’s gospel is considered to be a synoptic gospel with a low Christology. This means that the gospel writers begin with the earthly Jesus where his divinity is revealed.The gospel shows has examples of Jesus being human and shows emotions that he might feel and mistakes that he might make. An example of this is when Jesus is healing the blind, his humanity is shown here because he tries twice to heal the blind instead of being able to heal him twice (MK 8:22-26). It also means that the life of Jesus of Nazareth is described more through the gospel for example the beginning when the unknown author speaks about the baptism, a human trait that Jesus has; â€Å"In those days Jesus came from Nazareth in Galilee and was baptized by the Jordan in John.As soon he came out of the water, he saw the heavens being open and the Spirit descending to him like a dove. And a voice came from heaven: You are My beloved son, I take delight in you. † (MK 1:9-11). John’s gospel on the other hand is more of a high Christology. A high Christology or a Christology from above starts with the heavenly Christ who descends to Earth and is dwelling among us â€Å"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God, and through him were all things made. † (JN1: 1-3).This means that God is everything, and that there was never a time that he existed. He was the beginning and because of him eve rything was created. Also saying the beginning of the world began with him. In this example, the gospel doesn’t begin with the baptism as mentioned before; it begins with the creation of God onto the world. Also, a Christology from above shows more of the divinity of Jesus rather than the humanity of Jesus. Throughout Marks gospel, Jesus of Nazareth is described as a great teacher and emphasizes the suffering messiah because his community is suffering.Jesus is also a popular teacher but they are afraid of his power. An example of this is MK 6:1-6, where he is teaching all of his people but they are doubting him and wondering where he got all this information from, but at the same time when he heals the people â€Å"marveled because of their disbelief†. The feeding of the five thousand appears in both John’s gospel and Mark’s gospel (JN 6:1-14, MK 6:30-44). The fact that this story is in both gospels shows that Mark’s gospel has miracles as well as John’s and that in both gospels there is a theme of compassion towards the people.When the story is told in Mark, it is mentioned that the miracles was done by Jesus’ compassion for the crowd and concern that they might faint without food returning home (MK 6:34-44). The story shows Jesus ‘supernaturally’ providing for his followers. In John, he says that this is the work of God (MK 6:29). The ending of both Mark and John’s gospel are different. In Marks Gospel there are two endings MK: 16:1-8 and MK 16:9-20. The first ending shows an empty tomb and the divine messengers while the second ending is a longer ending and the people that saw the empty tomb leave and don’t say anything.John’s gospels ending is different in JN 30:30-31; â€Å"And many other signs truly did Jesus in the presence of his disciples, which are not written in this book: But these are written, that ye might believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God; and that believing ye might have life through his name. † As mentioned before, because Johns gospel is a Christology from above, there are no feelings shown especially at the end, it shows more the Divinity of Jesus of Nazareth. As you may notice, even though there are four gospels in the New Testament, there are differences and similarities in all of them.Not only their authors but the way it was written, the literary devices and the stories that were told. However, if you put both John and Mark together, even though they were written at different times, there is still the completion of the story of Jesus of Nazareth, and if you put all four of them together, the story is more complete than only having two of the gospels. Many might nor fully believe them because there might be some discrepancies between them, but as mentioned before they all have a common end: they all tell the story of Jesus of Nazareth.

To What Extent Does Personality Predict Employee Performance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2176 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? To what extent does personality predicts employee performance? Introduction: An employee need to perform well in the role and activities listed in the job description. Also for a better performance an employee need to have the skills, knowledge and the right attitude needed for the job. In order to get the best performance from an employee, personality assessment is been carried out during the recruitment process. There are many types of personality assessment such as MBTI personality test, MMPI, FIRO-B personality assessment model, Kellyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal construct theory, Eysenkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personality dimension, Raymond cattellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s two types of personality traits, the big five factors and many more. However, this essay will only discuss about the big five model as it is one of the personality assessment that is most commonly used in a work place to predict employee performance. It is essential to understand that there are s ome criticism about the big five factors as well as the other personality assessment. However, despite the criticism the big five factors was successful in predicting employee performance. It is important to know that there is a close relationship between employee performance and personality. This connection between both employee performance and personality depends on the characteristic of the Job, the organisation and co-workers. It is also important to keep in mind that the success of an organisation would depend on the employee performance. This coursework will address the extent to which personality is used to measure employee performance as well as the relationship between the big five personality and Job performance. Furthermore, this essay will discuss about the two main approaches of personality and will further investigate how personality link into career success and furthermore, predict employee performance. In addition, this essay will briefly address the nature and nurture approach. Main body: The nature and nurture approach may both have an effect in an individual personality. Nature is mainly about genetic inheritance, whereas Nurture is mainly about environmental factors. Researchers found out that genes plays an important role in the development of personality as well as the environment as it help to shape the personality of an individual. According to Funder (2001), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“personality is an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour, and together with the psychological mechanisms-hidden or not-behind those patternsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . He proposed that personality is a predictor of work. Personality can be divided into two main approaches: Nomothetic approach and Idiographic approaches. The nomothetic approach is a measurable and specific perspective that looks at the identification of traits and personality as a collection of characteristics (Mullins 2013). Nomothetic approac h view personality as consistent, mainly inherited and resistant to change. Nomothetic theorist believes that it is possible to measure individual personality through personality assessment without diminish the difficulties that measuring personality brings, as it will help employer to identify employee personality types and how individual would behave in a given certain circumstances. Whereas, Idiographic approach is a self-motivated perspective which insists that managers should take into account a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"wholeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ understanding of the individual at work (Mullins 2013). An individual attitude towards his or her work is affected by his or her personality. Idiographic theorist believes that individual are unique and it is vital to understand such uniqueness and are also concern about the development of personality as it is a process that is open to change. Furthermore, they regard that individual responding to the environment and people around them like friends and families or co-workers can shape and affect individual personality. Idiographic approach suggest that using personality assessment to measure the unique ways in which a person understands and responds to the world is inappropriate and is not valid (Mullins 2013). So therefore, it is vital to understand individual personality in order to predict individual performance. Personality plays an important role in predicting how an individual will work. Hence, using personality assessment, employers can simply identify whether a potential employee will work, happily, intelligently, attentively or even willingly. Personality assessment is used by many companies. Employers make use of personality assessment in order to improve their decision making with respect to future applicants. They have recognized that through personality assessment; high-potential applicants can easily be identified. At this stage, we can state that an employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personality does predict the le vel of performance (Ferguson, 2009). However, Schmitt et al. (1984) found that personality tests were among the least valid types of selection tests. Additionally, Spillane Martin (2005) stated that personality and performance are not related as the efforts of using personality test to predict performance have been spectacularly unsuccessful. Furthermore, it can also be argue that personality assessments are not a good method for predicting employee performance, as individual can give false answers to any question asked in order to meet the company expectation and get the Job (Buchanan, Huczynski, (2010). Pp.173-189). Many studies have been carried out in order to find the relationship between personality and employee performance. Employee performance is the job related activities expected of a worker and how well those activities were performed. Researchers in both personality and industrial-organizational psychology have touched on a five factor model (FFM) which is commonly r ecognised as personality framework. The FFM can be linked to predict performance (Barrick and Mount 1991) and it can also be linked to career success (Tharenou, 1997). Furthermore, the FFM are vital when predicting the job performance of an employee on the basis of personality. The FFM includes Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Openness to experience, Emotional Stability and Agreeableness. Extraversion contains traits such as confidence, activity, and friendliness. Extraverts are active and cheerful. Extraversion is considered to be positive frame of mind and capabilities and is therefore seen as a positive effect (Clark Waston, 1991). Research suggests that extraverted personalities are expected to surpass in occupations that involve individuals to socialize and communicate with other individuals (Barrick and Mount, 1991). Barrack and Mount (1991) also decided that Extraversion predicts not only overall job performance, but mainly sales performance as well. Agreeableness refers to individuals who tend to be innocent, caring towards others, merciful, soft hearted, and kind (Costa McCrae, 1992). Previous research has found no relationship between agreeableness and overall job performance (Barrick and Mount, 1991). However, Barrick et al. (2001) found that the measurement predicts teamwork and that the dimension respectively can predict success in specific jobs. This shows that, depending on the type of occupation, agreeableness may still be theorised as a contributing factor to job performance. Tett et al. (1991) stated that Openness to experience is not effective in predicting job performance. Openness to experience applies to individuals who tend to be productive, inspired, and interested to experience new things amongst other things (Costa McCrae, 1992). Barrick et al. (2001) found no major relationship between openness and performance. Research has shown that openness to experience is linked to success in accessing (Hamilton, 1998), training (Barrick M ount, 1991) and adapting to adjustment (Horton, 1992; Raudsepp, 1990). Emotional stability indicates that individuals who tend to be protected, peaceful and thus more likely to control their desires and survive with stress (Costa McCrae, 1992). Dunn, Mount, Barrick and Ones (1995) indicated that emotional stability is the second most important characteristic that affects the employability of candidates.Out of the big five model, conscientiousness is recognised as the most valid predictor for measuring performance for most jobs. Factors included in conscientiousness lead to excellent job performance. Recent experimental evidence supports the importance of conscientiousness at work, relating the construct to counterproductive work behaviours (Hogan Ones, 1997), effective job seeking behaviour (Wanberg, Watt, Rumsey, 1996), Maintenance (Barrick, Mount, Strauss, 1994), and attendance at work (Judge, Martocchio, Thoresen, 1997). A relationship exists between the big five traits an d career success which in returns lead to employee performance. However, out of the five big traits neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness is the most relevant to career success. It can be argued that to some extent, employee performance is predicted by personality. However, to some extent career success can also predict performance through the personality of the employee. For example, if a person career is to become an accountant and they work in a bank, it is most likely that the performance of that person would be positive. Nevertheless, if the career of that individual does not align to the job he/she is doing then it can be argued that performance of such individual might be affected. Career success is defined as what an individual achieved as a result of their work experiences (Judge, Cable, Boudreau, Bretz 1995). Career success depends on two things such as intrinsic success (job satisfaction) and extrinsic success (income and status). Job satisfaction has been defi ned as the comprising between the actual outcomes and desired outcomes of an employee reaction based on the Job (Egan et al., 2004). Research shows that neuroticism which is the opposite of emotional stability has a negative correlation when link to Job satisfaction and in terms of income and status. Judge and Locke (1993) found out that employees with a negative emotions were likely to have a low job satisfaction which can lead to bad performance as low job satisfaction indicate that employee are not happy with the jobs they are in which can further lead to job stress, poor morale and lack of productivity. On the other hand research shows that Extraversion will be positively related to intrinsic career success and extrinsic success. Watson and Clark (1997) note that extraversion individual has a positive emotion which can lead to a high job satisfaction, and can further predict employee performance. Furthermore, another positive personality related to extrinsic career success is co nscientiousness. Barrack Mount (1997) research shows that conscientiousness may influence extrinsic career success through its high predictor factor on job performance. Conclusion: In conclusion, this essay has found out that out of all the personality assessment used in a company to predict performance, the big five model is the most reliable method of predict employee performance despite all the criticisms of the FFM. This FFM is used by many researchers to predict performance and it has been researched that the most strongly trait that can be used to predict all job occupation is Conscientiousness. It can be argued that FFM is accurate when predicting employee performance as it has also been used for personality assessment. However, one negative effect of using personality assessment to predict performance is that candidate can give false answer in order to meet the job description of the company so that they can get the job. So therefore, it is recommended that companies should not depend on one factor to predict performances as they are other factors that can lead to high performance such as cognitive intelligence/Ability (CI), Emotional intelligence/ Ability (EI) and Motivation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" related attitudes/ competencies. It is important to know that although there are some advantages of using personality to predict employee performance, there are also some disadvantages. One advantage would be, it helps to choose the right candidate for the job which will lead to high performance as the employee will be motivated to work hard as their personality is link to the job they are doing (Buchanan, Huczynski, (2010) .pg. 189). Whereas, one disadvantage would be employee giving false answer on the personality test in order to score high so that they can be given the job which might lead to bad performance for the organisation if the employee actual personality does not link to the job description. This essay has also identified the two main p ersonality approach which are idiographic and nomothetic approach. Idiographic approach tells us that personality is unique and the theorist of this approach believes that employee personality should be open to change. Therefore, idiographic approach believes that personality assessment is not valid when predicting employee performance. Whereas, nomothetic theorist identified traits and believes that personality is resistant to change and further agreed that personality assessment should use when predicting employee performance. Overall, there factors that affect personality differences between individuals. These factors are the biological environment, the social environment, the physical environment, the cultural environment, and role playing. All these factors related to the research about the nature and the nurture discussed in this essay. Reference Barrick, M. R., Stewart, G. L., Piotrowski, M. (2002). Personality and jobperformance: Test ofthe mediating effects of motivation among salesrepresentatives.Journal of Applied Psychology, 87: 43-51. Buchanan Huczynski: Organisational Behaviour an introductory text. 4th Ed (Prentice Hall) Egan, T. M., Yang, B., Bartlett, K. R. (2004). The effects of organizational learning cultureand job satisfaction on motivation to transfer learning and turnover intention. 15, 279à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"301 Hurtz, G., Donovan, J. (2000). Personality and job performance: The Big Fiverevisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 869à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"879. Judge, T. A., Higgins, C. A., Thoresen, C. J., Barrick, M. R. (1999). The big fivepersonality traits,general mental ability, and career success across the life span.Personnel Psychology, 52, 621à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"652. Judge, T. A, Ilies, Remus(2002). Relationship of personality to performance motivation: A meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Applied psychology. 87, P797-807. Mullins, L Gill, C (2013). Management organisational behaviour. 10th ed. Prentice Hall Rothmann, s., Coetzer, E. P. (2003) the big five personality dimensions and job performance. Journal of industrial psychology. 29, 68-74. Spillane R, Martin J,( 2005) Personality and performance: foundations for managerial psychology, Sydney : Australia Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "To What Extent Does Personality Predict Employee Performance?" essay for you Create order

China s Economic Growth Essay - 1144 Words

Beginning in 1980 when China entered the global market, it experienced remarkable growth in terms of GDP and net output. Much of its growth is attributed to its large amount of exports, particularly within the manufacturing industry. As a result, its GDP per capita increased significantly and the country as a whole became considerably wealthier. More recently, however, demographic changes and increased wealth inequality are hindering its growth. Between 2008 and 2015, the World Bank estimates GDP growth decreased from 9.623% to 6.9%. While its growth remains quite strong in comparison to other developing economies within its echelon (BRIC countries), its increasingly stagnant growth evokes concern for the future of its economy and prospects. Much of China’s economic disparities lie in the overall gentrification of the country. 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Professional Marketing Report on Armani Free Essays

A target market has also been chosen and studied and has appealed to the female racket. Market segmentation is also taken into consideration with the introduction of a new product as it identifies target markets by groups, which are identified by similar and distinguishable aspects while using the different segmentation groups. The report focuses on a ‘personal’ profile of an individual from the target audience as well as using a score card approach along with perceptual mapping, which Indicates what the strengths and weaknesses of the fragrance may be. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Marketing Report on Armani or any similar topic only for you Order Now The fourth section of the report focuses on the product Itself as well as the different levels that are Involved In guaranteeing that the product Includes all complexities that encourage consumers to purchase the fragrance. The core, embodied and augmented levels of a product all have their own significant roles in the creation of a well-known brand. Giorgio Airman have considered whether keeping their obvious attributes or not for the packaging and the branding of their new fragrance would confuse consumers of this well-known brand. However the new fragrance may have a different look to it, but still has the Giorgio Airman logo to reassure loyal customers of the brand’s integrity. The fragrance will be classified as a premium fragrance, however Giorgio Airman have set their prices so that consumers that earn a medium income can also afford to purchase the new fragrance. This allows consumers with a medium to high Income to afford the product depending on the size bottle they wish to purchase. Promotion of the fragrance Is needed and the use of the pull and push strategy Is used to convince the target audience to purchase the product. Promotional material such as billboards, advertisements on the television, ‘pop-up’ advertisements on the internet and advertisements in fashion magazines will be used to ensure publicity of the product and the report states how this will be achieved. Lastly, the distribution strategy is taken into consideration that involves the consistency of those of the competing suppliers. The places of distribution that Giorgio Airman will be introducing its new fragrance to will be discussed as well as the reasons behind the choice they have made to target certain wholesalers. How to cite Professional Marketing Report on Armani, Essays

Assistive Technology Health and Social Care

Questions: 1.1 Explain how technology can be used to support users of health and social care services in living independently 1.2 Analyse barriers to the use of technology to support users of health and social care services in living independently 1.3 Explain the benefits of these technologies to health and social care organisations and their users 2.1 Explain health and safety considerations in the use of technologies in health and social care 2.2 Discuss ethical considerations in the use of technologies in health and social care 2.3 Explain the impact of recent and emerging technological developments on health and social services, organisations and care workers 3.1 Identify the specific needs of an individual requiring support to live independently 3.2 Make recommendations for how technologies might support the independent living arrangements 3.3 Evaluate the usefulness of technology for users off health and social care services Answers: Introduction Supportive independent living Independent living implies that people with disabilities enjoy the same freedom, choice, dignity and control as people without disabilities do at home, at work, and in the community. It means living on ones own or by oneself or fending for oneself while exercising rights as citizens to practical assistance and support from the state to participate in society and live an ordinary or near normal life. The seven needs of independent living are as follows: Peer support Personal Assistance Housing Technology Access Information Transport Techno Aid is a company that specialises in technology that can be of help to individuals who need access to health and social care services and live independently. As more people access independent living funds and become employers of their own personal assistances, the balance is shifting from dependency towards independence. 1.1 Assistive Technology is defined in the Technology-Related Assistance Act (Tech Act) as "any item piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities" (Tech Act, 1988). Assistive technology can be made at home and custom designed for an individual, purchased at a local store, or ordered out of a catalogue that is targeted toward people with disabilities and their families. The technology relevant to an individual can be high tech or low tech. Examples of low tech technology include ramps, switches, switch-operated toys, communication boards, car door openers, Dyce (non-skid material), preachers, roll-in showers, and Velcro. Some high tech examples are computers, software, extended keyboards, electronic communication devices, power wheelchairs, and van lifts for wheelchairs. Assistive technology cannot make the disability go away; but it can lessen the impact of the disability. (Moore, 1991). Assistive technology aims to provide independence and improve an individual's outlook on life. Besides, it can help students access education and enable adults to secure a job. Individuals with disabilities can become an integral part of the community and engage in pursuits like education, leisure activities and work - with the appropriate technology. However, assistive technology is not without its problems or barriers. Many times the devices that are needed are very expensive and resources are not readily available; or the equipment is purchased and no training or support system is in place to teach individual how to use it effectively; or the device simply breaks down and needs to be repaired (Moore, 1991). The three technology devices that can prove to be useful are sensor and alarm systems and Braille books for visually impaired people and power recliner wheelchairs for the disabled Tele care is used to describe sensors or detectors (for example movement, flood, gas, smoke or fall detectors) that automatically send a signal through a base unit connected to a telephone line to a care facility, community alarm or monitoring service which can call for assistance when it is needed. According to the Royal Commission on long term care, (1999) a person suffering from dementia is not required to press a button or dial a number to raise an alarm. For example, if a sensor detects gas, smoke, water or a fall, it can send a signal to a community alarm service automatically to be able to receive an appropriate response. The response could include providing reassurance, contacting an agreed key holder from the family, friend or caregiver to provide help, or if the need arises contacting the emergency services. A loud speaker on the alarm base unit allows the call center to communicate with the person. Irrespective of whether the affected individual is able to respond verbally or the distance of the individual from the loud speaker the service will send help. The invention of Louis Braille (1809-1852), who turned blind by accident at the age of three years, changed the world of reading and writing forever for the visually impaired. When Louis was 12 Charles Barbier while giving a talk at the school that Louis attended shared an invention called the night writing, a code that used 12 dots. The code allowed soldiers to share confidential information on the war field without the need to speak. But the code was not easy for the soldiers to learn, but not so for Louis. Louis reduced Barbiers 12 dots to 6, perfected the system by the time he was 15, and published the first Braille book ever in 1829. He continued to improvise and by 1837 he was able to add symbols for music and math. Acceptance was slow so blind students had to study Braille on their own. Even at the royal institution, where Louis taught after he graduated, Braille was taught only after his death. Braille began to gain worldwide acceptance in 1868. A group of men from the Royal National Institute for the Blind took to the task of spreading its reach. Today every country uses Braille. Braille books help blind people receive education and Braille signs help to get around when they are outdoors. And most importantly blind people can communicate easily. The development of assistive technology has brought many possibilities for the visually impaired in the areas of education and employment. Through the use of other technology enabled devices, the blind and visually impaired can perform many day to day activities on their own particularly in reading and learning. An example of a need based innovation is the electronic battery operated wheelchair. The wheelchair is a complex piece of equipment that has been extensively engineered and studied. Most individuals with spinal cord injury become wheelchair experts because doing so increases their chances of getting a wheelchair that truly meets their need. 1.2 Analysis of barriers of the use of technology to support users of health and social care services in living independently The major barrier in use of technology by users living independently is the difficulty faced in choosing devices from available technology suitable for their specific needs. The following example illustrates how an elderly couple was helped in making the choice. The two key priorities for investment in tele care are prevention from falls and mental health services for older people. Other considerations were to use technology as a contributory factor in helping to avoid residential care and avoidable hospital admissions. The following example clarifies the point. Mr and Mrs B, an elderly couple lived within a sheltered housing scheme for years. Mr B has been his wifes carer for ever since she was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease. Mrs Bs mobility has steadily deteriorated over years, so has her memory. Mr B has found it difficult to care for his wife and many of his and her social life has been put on hold. Mr B was becoming uncomfortable at the thought of leaving his wife for even small periods of time for fear of her safety. As a result of this he was compelled to feel isolated, and had little opportunity to socialise. Even though living in a sheltered accommodation which was well equipped with emergency pull cords and access to pendant ala rms, Mrs Bs memory problems were such that she was not able to use them. In order to measure the risks Mrs B was helped to complete a questionnaire and she was examined by an occupational therapist. It was identified that Mrs B was at a high risk of falling, particularly while trying to rise from her chair on her own. All available options were discussed, and the assistive technology advised was the use of a fall detector. This device is worn on the waist band of a skirt, trousers or in a specially designed pouch depending on the choice of apparel. 1.3 Explanation of the benefit of available technology to health and social care organisations and their users. The benefits of using assistive technology are evident in the way their use transforms the lives of the users and their families. A general sense of independence and well being is enhanced. The Fall Detector was particularly beneficial to Mrs B as it did not require any input from the user. If Mrs B fell, the detector would sense the tilt of her body, and this would set off the alarm automatically at the call centre. The call centre personnel would alert Mr B on his mobile telephone. After a trial of few months, Mr B was asked to give his feedback on the Fall Detector and whether it had made any difference to his insecurities about leaving his wife unattended even for short periods. His feedback said it all as he said it as brilliant, and added that I can go out, have a game of cards with friends, or go to the shops without worrying. If Mrs B does fall Mr B now feels confident and reassured since he can respond quickly in case of a fall. He says, it has given me real peace of mind. Mr B can now continue caring for his wife, without feeling socially bereft. Using tele care allows for actual improvements to the quality of support and helps them and their care givers to fe el safe, reassured, able to have a better grip over their day-to-day lives and minimise the risks that compromise independence. This strategy will ensure the consideration of Tele care throughout the customer pathway, from the earliest point of contact right through to complex, care-managed cases, with the aim of supporting people to maintain or improve on their level of independence and avoid hospital or residential/nursing care admissions. Electric powered indoor wheelchair (EPIC) is an electrically powered wheelchair to be used within the clients home. The client must have difficulty in walking or self-propelling in a manual wheelchair within the home. Adequate space is required for the wheelchair to move, including footplates and a suitable space with a power supply for charging the batteries overnight. The client must practically demonstrate they are able to independently and effectively control the wheelchair within the internal environment, taking into account impediments, hazards and/or risks. Braille books are available in many libraries (like the Library of Congress) and schools for the blind. The production of Braille books made use of metal plates. Characters were stamped on both sides of the paper where the dots on one side do not interfere with those on the other side. But now, computers have made the process of publishing Braille books easier. The text is typed into the computer and, with the help of a software program; it is translated automatically into Braille. The computer then transfers the output onto printed paper or metal plates as required. Braille reading helps blind people to socialise with people for example, going to restaurant with friends and finding a restaurant that has a braille menu book encourages the service user to select what he/she would like to eat and instills a sense of independence. 2.1 Explanation of health and safety considerations in use of technology in health and social care In the near future, propelled by the concept of internet of things, new homes, public and private, and all renovated social housing, will be fitted with the devices for care and medical services to be provided in real time via broadband from day one of occupation. A number of studies suggest that disintegrated and inaccessible clinical information raises the cost and lowers the quality of health care and compromises patient safety. Information technology has been proposed as an essential tool in solving these problems and promoting better health care. When used in social context and the area of care giving, technology contributes to supporting a better life, reinstating human dignity, right of self determination, inclusion, and caring. Thus the three technology equipment can be used by service users. The use of technology is agreed upon in collaboration with the user while deciding the user plan. For example, an elderly woman living on her own was suggested the use of wheel chair for her independence and the alarm for her safety. Because she is an elderly person, the chosen technology must be easy to use and suit her lifestyle and health condition. The disadvantages and the risk related to its use should be assessed, and information about how to use should be provided in user friendly formats. Within the health and social care sectors, there is huge potential for information technology (IT) to support practice with greater safety. Several things can go wrong if information is incomplete or incorrect or if glitches in the system interfere with critical processes such as prescribing medication. The use of safety standards for IT required in health and social care should ensure that risks are identified in real time a nd can then be nullified before the product actually used. Organisations that purchase and use IT enabled systems are advised to take measures that understand system risks and take suitable action, such as staff training, to ensure that systems are operated safely while implementing the service.. 2.2 Ethical considerations in use of technologies in health and social care. Equipment may be provided to help the individual at their residence and customized to meet their specific needs. It can be as simple as the basic alarm system base on sensors and able to respond in case of an emergency and provide constant support via telephone (Department of Health, 2005). Tele care can also be used in a preventative manner for keeping track of an individuals health parameters or general wellbeing (for example, by using sensors on the bed programmed to record the number of times a person leaves the bed during the course of one night). The technology involved in tele care services has been used for many years to give care to older people, usually in the form of pendant alarms. This technology has great potential to benefit people by boosting their confidence and assisting them to remain independent bur cared for in their own homes. By monitoring peoples safety, technology can also ease the lives of friends and family care givers so they can perform the task of givinging social support. It is important that giving care through assistive technology does not threaten their right to privacy. Deciding on the choice of type of technology used is critical and should suit the needs of the elderly and disabled. One needs to be alert against misuse or unintentional leaks of personal information. Oversight in these aspects could compromise people's privacy, autonomy and wellbeing. A careful assessment of risks can be balanced by taking care at the time of installation. Consent of patients with dementia should be taken before installation so that they are included in decision making. Practice points for an ethical approach to tele care Pre-installation phase: The principal ethical concern during the pre- installation phase is that services should be customized to suit individual needs and that when considering appropriate tele care the risks of the person coming to harm should be balanced against their right to autonomy and participation. Post-installation phase the main ethical concern during the post-installation phase is that tele care information should be collected for a positive purpose and with the consent of the person concerned and desired safety mechanism should be applied. The risks of invading individual privacy should be balanced against independence. For example, an elderly man lives in a shared residential home and has his own flat where he can cook for himself and be independent. He has lived alone since his wife past away 15 years ago. He does not allow anyone else to cook for him. Because his age is advanced, he was advised to use the tele care alarm to monitor his safety and health. The cost of the alarm is not high for the government. Ever since he has the alarm his care plan has been changed and he can now receive meals on wheels food. He now has the confidence and is not frightened anymore. However, this situation is not limited to tele care commissioning and provision. Practitioners are well accustomed to balancing the risks and conflict between meeting policy aspirations and dealing with the realities of frontline practice. 2.3 The impact of recent and emerging technological developments on health and social care services, organisations and care worker There is evidence that new technologies can improve the quality of care processes by improving communication, applying standard processes, and enhancing workflow, when used in conjunction with existing care rather than as a substitution. For example, a survey of GP practices in countries such as Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the US have found that health systems that promote new technologies and information system based infrastructure are better able to address care coordination and patient safety issues and maintain the satisfaction of GPs. In England, researchers studied how electronic patient records influenced the way staff members interact with each other during critical care ward rounds compared with paper based records. Upon analysis of videos, general observation and interviews, they found that it was difficult for the ward round team to interact with each other using the electronic record as compared to paper records. The ph ysical setup of the technology was an impediment for consultants when leading the ward round and prevented other clinical staff from contributing to discussions. There are numerous examples of the benefits of new technologies. A literature review found that information technology supported a systematic approach to diabetes management in general practice. New information technologies have been used to support patients, enhance changes in healthcare delivery and provide clinicians with access to expertise and data about individual patients and populations. Such technologies have been associated with improved diabetes symptoms and enhanced tracing of risk factors. There is sufficient evidence that introducing new technologies can make a significant difference to the quality and safety of care. For instance, proactive tele- care assisted by decision support software has been found to improve clinical outcomes or reduce symptoms in people with depression, heart disease, diabetes, asthma and the frail elderly, amongst others. Similarly, telemedicine based consultations have been available for some years and more recently diagnostic services such as pathology and radiology are beginning to embrace this new technology. Tele radiology and tele- pathology allow medical services to be delivered across vast distances, including across national and international boundaries and facilitate patient recuperation at home. Using technology in this way can be particularly valuable in remote communities where transporting patients and medical practitioners is difficult. Practitioners other than doctors deliver much of the healthcare in rural communities, so it has been suggested that it is essential to ensure that nurses and support staff are IT-enabled and technologically savvy. On the positive side, new technologies have an impact on how staff can be trained and updated. Examples include simulation technology, accessing information via handheld devices, interactive DVDs and onli ne training. Literature suggests that nurses and allied professionals think that computer skills should be taught as part of the undergraduate curriculum or as basic training and that staff is willing to undertake web based learning for continuing professional development in this area. Other useful training requirements include information literacy, privacy and security of health information, and techniques for identifying and adopting new technologies. In the NHS, assessing and training teams in technical skills may be a priority. Research suggests that cell phone applications can significantly reduce the cost of treating young people with severe asthma due to more frequent communication between patients and their medical teams, and by motivating patients to become more engaged and knowledgeable about their care. 3.1 An identification of the specific needs of an individual requiring support to live independently. A spinal cord injury (SCI) may cause a loss of movement and feeling below the site of injury. One can suffer from a spinal cord injury due to trauma, such as a car accident or a fall. Spinal cord injuries are either complete or incomplete. It results in no feeling or movement below the site of the injury. Partial injury allows some feeling and movement. People with spinal cord injuries also may have other problems, such as not being able to control urination and bowel movements. When spinal cords are injured in the neck often need devices to help them breathe. Therefore each client must be assessed as an individual, because no two clients are the same. Customised help is usually required to suit the needs of each patient. Electric wheelchairs are designed for an independent life and can be fitted with a host of drive bases, adjustable seating systems and expandable control systems. With spinal cord injuries (spinal cord injuries), there is a general set of clinical expectations based on where the injuries occurred. But in reality, patients with spinal cord injuries, even those with injuries in the same location, can have significantly different problem sets. And for clients with injuries at the fifth or sixth cervical vertebra the differences from client to client can be even greater. For these clients, electric wheelchairs custom fit to their required specifications can offer independent mobility indoors and outdoors. In addition the client should also have the ability to pronate his/her wrist as well as extend it and complete a tenodesis pattern passive thumb adduction on the index finger during active wrist extension which can also lead to a better, stronger push on the rear wheels. C6 injuries, if complete, typically result in lack of finger movement, wrist flexion and elbow extension, but good control of elbow flexion and wrist extension. The mobility requirements determine the many practical activities and tasks that need to be carried out every day. The tasks they will perform at work need to be considered. Whether they have to carry items, and whether they can push and do this at the same time. Everyday tasks, such as grocery shopping, visiting the bank, getting hair done, eating out, should be considered while making equipment choices.. 3.2 Recommendation for how technologies might support the independent living arrangements. The use of power wheel chair is the best for patient for in and out door mobility besides ability to move around in the environment. How to use it in residential homes can be learnt through staff support. It facilitates lot of changes in care environment and gives the client the autonomy to move about in the environment they are living in. The client gets trained in how to use the technology device through the mass controller. People need a power wheel chair as repositioning device to aid in prevention of pressure sores. Some manufacturers produce 140- 180 degree power seat which is helpful for people with certain medical conditions. When it comes to recommendation a battery powered wheel chair can be the best when discussing options with therapist through assessment of individual needs. Some wheel chairs are equipped with a power leg where you can move your leg and also power seat elevation, this will help client to facilitate in doing things they are used to do for example cooking in the kitchen. A power chair can provide power seating functions that can ensure independence with pressure reliefs. Clinicians and providers may have to consider recommending changes to seating and mobility equipment decisions as a clients medical condition changes. There are many changes that occur over a lifetime that can result in a change in recommendation. Some of these include changes in the patients functional level, either continued recovery or a functional decline; changes in shoulder, elbow or finger range of motion, development of upper-extremity pain, change in daily routine or activities, change in life plan and, therefore, mobility goals, etc. The power chair is a vehicle to get to a destination and maintaining independence across all aspects of life. 3.3 An evaluation of the usefulness of technology for users of health and social care services. The patients choices should be considered. It is very important to actively involve the patient in the evaluation process and have an open discussion/interview regarding their expectations about mobility goals. If they have a desire to drive, how would they like to do that? What kind of vehicle are they hoping to obtain? If they would like to travel, where would they like to go? How will they be getting there? During evaluations consideration of what clinically related changes could be anticipated need to be taken into account. Power assist functions require a very careful assessment, as while the wheels add power and distance covered, there is a safety issue of control of the wheels and wheelchair, which requires upper-extremity fine motor coordination and control. Talking with patients when they are having trouble accepting power mobility and helping them to understand the consequences of their decision can be undeniably difficult and time consuming. But Brown points out that these discussions are crucial to achieving a good outcome. Ultimately, the decision is up to the patient, and it is important that they feel that way. Pressuring them into something is not the answer. It could result in abandonment of the selected technology. It is important to fully understand the patients and/or the caregivers primary goals for the mobility device, related to all aspects of their life. Perhaps neither style of chair will make them independent with all of their mobility goals, but which type will check off the most items on their list in the safest and most efficient fashion? This decision is made on a completely individual basis. Although assistive technology increases independence and improves individuals life. It helps individual from different group such as elderly, young ones and adult. Assistive technology device are expensive and effective equipment. Tele care alarm, Power recliner chair and Braille books are assistive technology used for different individual groups in residential homes for their own independence. The use of (IT) information technology protects information from being leaked out or missing concerning confidentiality in health and social care sector in NHS. The main ethical consideration of tele care in residential homes for older people, protect them from danger. The impact of assistive technology of tele care improves clinical outcomes. The new assistive technology has been impacted that all staff needs to be trained before using any equipment at workplace in health and social care sector. Client with spinal cord injury used power wheel chair because is very effective and easy to move a bout for day to day activities in terms of independent, but is expensive. Similarly, for elderly patients depending on alarm systems of different kinds, technology may have to be regularly updated to suit their changing needs. New products that cater to specific requirements may have to be installed. Care givers need to be educated on the availability and suitability of such devices. According to Han, YY adopting new technology carefully is key to its success after considering all its pros and cons. Samore MH has cautioned against medical device related hazards to the patients. References Bahlman DT Johnson FC 2005, Using technology to improve and support: communication and workflow processes. AORN J vol 82, pp 56-73. Squires M, Bieslada D Fanizza R. 2005 New approaches to improving patient safety: strategy, technology and funding.Healthc Q.vol 8 no 3, pp1202. Han YY, Carcillo JA, Venkataraman ST, et al. 2005. Unexpected increased mortality after implementation of a commercially sold computerized physician order entry system.Pediatricsvol 116 pp 150612. Ammenwerty E, Iller C, Mahler C. 2006 IT-adoption and the interaction of task, technology and individuals: a fit framework and a case study.BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. vol 9, no 6 pp 3. Sixsmith A, Orpwood R Torrington J. 2007 Quality of life technologies for people with dementia.Topics Geriatr Rehabil.Vol 23 pp 8593. LoPresti EF, Mihailidis A Kirsch N. 2004 Assistive technology for cognitive rehabilitation: state of the art. Neuropsychol Rehabil.Vol 14 pp 539. Sixsmith A, Johnson N. 2004. Smart sensor to detect the fall of the elderly.IEEE Pervasive Comput. Vol 3 pp 4247. Samore MH, Evans RS, Lassen A, et al. 2004. Surveillance of medical device-related hazards and adverse events in hospitalized patients.JAMA vol 291 pp 325334. Fuhrer MJ, Jutai JW, Sherer MJ, et al. 2003. A framework for the conceptual modeling of assistive technology device outcomes.Disabil Rehabilvol 25 pp 124351. Collins JW. Safe lifting policies. in:. 2005.Handle with care: a practice guide for safe patient handling and movement.Nelson AL, editor. New York: Springer Publishing. pp. 151162. Green SA. 2001. The evolution of medical technology.Clin Orthop Relat Res.vol 385 pp 2606. Nadzam DM Mackles RM. 2001. Promoting patient safety: is technology the solution?Jt Comm J Qual Improv. Vol 27, pp 4306. Alzheimers society, leading the fight against dementia. Available at:https://www.alzheimers.org.ukpolicyposition statements. (6/02/15) Assistive Technology Devices for the blind and visually impaired. Available at: https: //www.chinchin.hubpages.com/hub/assistive-technology-for-the-blind. (30/01/15) How-do-new-technologies impact on workforce organisation. Available at:https://www.skillsforhealth.org.ukResearch Thames (23/2/15). Mobility Management serving the seating and mobility community. Available at:https://www.mobilitymgmt.com/articles/2013/01/01/sci-c5c6-power-manual.aspx. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Ethical issues in the use of Tele Care. Availableat:https://www.scie.org.uk/publications/report/reports30pdf. Wogalter MS Mayhorn CB. 2005. Providing cognitive support with technology based warning systems.Ergonomics.vol 48 pp 52233.